Traditional
Maori fishing operations were very well organised. Different tribes had their
own fishing areas. Tribal boundaries were marked by landmarks and stakes and
protected against trespassers. Fishing was often a community activity. Tasks
involved everything from observing the movement of schools of fish and making
gear, to catching and processing the fish.
Early Maori
knew a great deal about the life cycles of different fish. A fishing calendar
was developed to work out when certain fish should be caught, what techniques to
use, and whether it should be during the day or night.
Kaimoana was
a very important trading item. Coastal tribes traded it with inland iwi for
goods such as birds, berries or workable stone. In Canterbury, Kaipoihai pa was
a trading pa with eight different gates. It was similar to European trading
sites in the middle ages.When Europeans arrived, Maori started trading with them.
They bartered fish for other goods or sold it for cash. They exported fish to
Australia in the early 19th century.
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Science fact sheet- traditional Maori fisheries - 0 views
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Maori are very knowledgeable and skilled fishers. Lines were made from flax fibre and sinkers from stones. Hooks were made from wood, bone, stone or shell. Sometimes a gorge was used instead of a hook. It was a straight piece of bone, sharp at each end and attached in the middle. When the line was pulled it turned sideways and caught in the fish's throat.
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Indigenous Australians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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not been shown to be related to any languages outside Australia. In the late 18th century, there were anywhere between 350 and 750 distinct groupings and a similar number of languages and dialects
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At the time of first European contact, it is estimated that a minimum of 315,000 and as many as 1 million people lived in Australia. Recent archaeological evidence suggests that the land could have sustained a population of 750,000[11].
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the regions of heaviest Indigenous population were the same temperate coastal regions that are currently the most heavily populated
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While Torres Strait Island populations were agriculturalists who supplemented their diet through the acquisition of wild foods the remainder of Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers. Indigenous Australians along the coast and rivers were also expert fishermen. Some Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders relied on the dingo as a companion animal, using it to assist with hunting and for warmth on cold nights.
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To enable men and women to find suitable partners, many groups would come together for annual gatherings (commonly known as corroborees) at which goods were traded, news exchanged, and marriages arranged amid appropriate ceremonies. This practice both reinforced clan relationships and prevented inbreeding in a society based on small semi-nomadic groups.
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Indigenous diet included a wide variety of foods, such kangaroo, emu, wombats, goanna, snakes, birds, many insects such as honey ants and witchetty grubs. Many varieties of plant foods such as taro, nuts, fruits and berries were also eaten.
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A primary tool used in hunting was the spear, launched by a woomera or spear-thrower in some locales. Boomerangs were also used by some mainland Indigenous peoples. The non-returnable boomerang (known more correctly as a Throwing Stick), more powerful than the returning kind, could be used to injure or even kill a kangaroo.
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Permanent villages were the norm for most Torres Strait Island communities. In some areas mainland Indigenous Australians also lived in semi-permanent villages, most usually in less arid areas where fishing could provide for a more settled existence. Most Indigenous communities were semi-nomadic, moving in a regular cycle over a defined territory,
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Many Indigenous communities also have a very complex kinship structure and in some places strict rules about marriage. In traditional societies, men are required to marry women of a specific moiety
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The Indigenous Australians lived through great climatic changes and adapted successfully to their changing physical environment
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Wallerstein on World Systems - 0 views
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makes possible analytically sound comparisons between different parts of the world.
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This is why Wallerstein's theory gained acceptance in the anthropological community. We are interested in making sound cross-cultural comparisons.
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I may be reading to much into the wording, but do we really want to "compare" cultures. When we talk about comparing cultures, it seems as if we are holding them to a certain standard.
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We are not comparing them to a standard - just trying to see the range of human possibilities - and how humans are interrelated.
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feudalism
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Three primary elements characterized feudalism: lords, vassals and fiefs; the structure of feudalism can be seen in how these three elements fit together. A lord was a noble who owned land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_system
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These impoverished peasants often moved to the cities, providing cheap labor essential for the growth in urban manufacturing
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Eastern Europe (especially Poland) and Latin America, exhibited characteristics of peripheral regions.
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In Latin America, the Spanish and Portuguese conquests destroyed indigenous authority structures and replaced them with weak bureaucracies under the control of these European states.
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According to Wallerstein, the semi-peripheries were exploited by the core but, as in the case of the American empires of Spain and Portugal, often were exploiters of peripheries themselves. Spain, for example, imported silver and gold from its American colonies, obtained largely through coercive labor practices, but most of this specie went to paying for manufactured goods from core countries such as England and France rather than encouraging the formation of a domestic manufacturing sector.
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Similarly, Protestants, who were often the merchants in Catholic countries, found they were targets of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church, a trans-national institution, found the development of capitalism and the strengthening of the state threatening.
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During this period, workers in Europe experienced a dramatic fall in wages.
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This powerful merchant class provided the capital necessary for the industrialization of European core states.
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With the independence of the Latin American countries, these areas as well as previously isolated zones in the interior of the American continent entered as peripheral zones in the world economy. Asia and Africa entered the system in the nineteenth century as peripheral zones.
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the core enriched itself at the expense of the peripheral economies. This, of course, did not mean either that everybody in the periphery became poorer or that all citizens of the core regions became wealthier as a result.
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Wallerstein asserts that an analysis of the history of the capitalist world system shows that it has brought about a skewed development in which economic and social disparities between sections of the world economy have increased rather than provided prosperity for all.
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This was the first time that an economic system encompassed much of the world with links that superseded national or other political boundaries