reveal many of their values in the metaphors they use
senior management teams to describe what they're like when they're working at their best, they often use competitive, sporting metaphors - "we're like a gold medal-winning team" - because winning is important to them
teachers and the metaphors are startlingly different - "it's like tending a garden, or bringing up a family" - because nurturing is an important value for this group
tone of voice, the pauses in our speech, the role we take in conversations and our use of fillers - for example, "um" or "you know" - to reach many more conclusions
older people tend to refer to themselves less often, use more positive emotion words, more future tense verbs and fewer past tense verbs
status
fewer emotion words and first person singular pronouns we use, the higher our social class.