In 1991, Linus Torvalds made a free Unix-like kernel (a core part of the operating system) available on the Internet and invited all hackers interested to participate. Within the next two months, the first version 1.0 of Linux was released. From that point, tens of thousands of developers, dispersed globally and communicating via the Internet, contributed code, so that early in 1993, Linux had grown to be a stable, reliable and very powerful operating system.
The Linux kernel is 'copylefted' software, patented under the GNU GPL, and thus, nobody actually owns it. But more significantly, Linux is sheltered by the Open Source (hacker) community. From its very birth, Linux as a project has mobilised an incredible number of developers offering enhancements, modifications/improvements and bug fixes without any financial incentive. Despite the fact that an operating system is supposed to be developed only
by a closely-knit team to avoid rising complexity and communication costs of coordination (Brook's Law), Linux is being developed in a massive decentralised mode under no central planning, an amazing feat given that it has not evolved into chaos.
Innovation
release early and often: Linus put into practice an innovative and paradox model of developing software. Frequent releases and updates (several times in a week) are typical throughout the entire development period of Linux. In this way, Linus kept the community constantly stimulated by the rapid growth of the project and provided an extraordinary effective mechanism of psychologically rewarding his co-developers for their contributions that were implemented in the last version. On top of this, in every released version, there is a file attached which lists all those who have contributed (code).
Credit attribution if neglected, is a cardinal sin that will breed bitterness within the community and discourage developers from further contributing to the project.
According to conventional software-building wisdom, early versions are by definition buggy and you do not want to wear out the patience of your users. But as far as the Linux development stage is concerned, developers are the users themselves and this is where most innovation is created (Figure 8). "The greatest innovation of Linux is that treating your users as co-developers is your least-hassle route to rapid code improvement and effective debugging" (Raymond, 1998a).
Muslim Academy on 04 Sep 12Most of the famous Muslim authors have the target audience in mind and this makes it very effective for them to have the reliable results in their careers. You need to know the audience and this will determine the level and depth of Islam you will include. Some of them have the target of small children and this means that you will deal with the basics of Islam. The same happens when you are dealing with Islamic studies or those who want to learn more about Islam. Another thing that will make you top the list of the famous Muslim authors is to have the right subject in mind, and back it up with the verses in the Quran, real life situations and make it easier for the clients to read. People look for religious books for encouragement, to know more about religion or the method of knowing some of the latest ways to deal with the situations they face. It is also ideal for people who want to lead religious lives and will need daily inspiration. The presentation aspect is what most of the famous Muslim authors keep in mind and this includes the presentation aspect, the pictures, details, and the simplicity of the books. The reader needs to find the message easily once they start reading the book and others will need to find out the verses to compare with the message presented. It needs to be specific, and entail the aspects in an easy to follow manner for the reader. You have the chance to view some of the latest methods of presentation from the other books and come up with your own style to attract the clients.
anonymous on 13 Sep 13if you want best news like this. Or follow. Your article in here www.killdo.de.gg
