ncident invasive breast cancer, geographic location of residence, and reported average time spent outside.
Millen AE, Pettinger M, Freudenheim JL, Langer RD, Rosenberg CA,
Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Duffy CM, Lane DS, McTiernan A, Kuller LH, Lopez AM, Wactawski-Wende J.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 Feb;18(2):495-507. Epub 2009 Feb 3.
PMID: 19190147
doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0652
In conclusion, region of residence and geographic solar irradiance are not consistently related to risk of breast cancer and may not be sufficient proxy measures for sunlight/vitamin D exposure. The observed association between time spent outside and breast cancer risk support the hypothesis that vitamin D may protect against breast cancer.