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Kay Bradley

Puritan New England: Massachusetts Bay (article) | Khan Academy - 0 views

www.khanacademy.org/...-new-england-massachusetts-bay

shared by Kay Bradley on 01 Oct 20 - No Cached
  • The second wave of English Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the New Haven Colony, and Rhode Island
  • These Puritans, unlike the Separatists, hoped to serve as a "city upon a hill" that would bring about the reform of Protestantism throughout the English Empire.
  • Unlike the exodus of young men to the Chesapeake colonies, these migrants were families with young children and their university-trained ministers.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts Bay
  • reformed Protestantism, a “city upon a hill,”
  • Mary Rowlandson was a Puritan woman whom Native American tribes captured and imprisoned for several weeks during King Philip’s War. After her release, she wrote The Narrative of the Captivity and the Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, which was published in 1682. The book was an immediate sensation that was reissued in multiple editions for over a century."But now, the next morning, I must turn my back upon the town, and travel with th
  • Kay Bradley on 01 Oct 20
     
    Key points
Kay Bradley

I've Protested for Racial Justice. Do I Have to Post on Social Media? - The New York Times - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...e-to-post-on-social-media.html

shared by Kay Bradley on 27 Aug 20 - No Cached
  • forms of moral argument that are motivated by the vanity of self-presentation
  • People engaged in moral grandstanding, they believe, will tend to “pile on,” repeating a widely shared criticism
  • “trump up,” depicting an innocent act as a major offense
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  • ramp up,” making ever stronger and more polarizing claims in order to outdo the moral claims of others.
  • For Kant, it was of great importance that we not only do the right thing but do it for the right reason. The notion of virtue signaling, which was coined as a term of reproach, has precisely this Kantian valence.
  • But virtue signaling isn’t necessarily a vice. Let’s grant that it can have unfortunate aspects
  • When it comes to uncontested moral values, we can prize the unadvertised, anonymous good deed.
  • Yet the moral revolutions I’ve researched involve what political scientists have called “norm cascades,”
  • In moments of moral change, people shift from merely recognizing a wrong to wanting to do something about it. And what drives that shift is, in part, a sense that those who don’t contribute to change aren’t just not doing something good; they’re forfeiting their entitlement to the respect of those around them
  • In the words of another philosopher, Neil Levy: “Signaling is a central function of public moral discourse, with an important role to play in enabling cooperation.” That’s why bumper stickers and slogans posted on walls, whether digital or physical, can be meaningful.
  • The malign effects of grandstanding are real, but typically happen when an important instrument for moral progress is put in service of bad goals rather than good ones
  • “Piling on” can mean that people have collectively decided to renounce a previously tolerated evil: It mattered that a great many law-enforcement officials and even some police-union representatives piled on against the callous killing of George Floyd
  • and the social dimension of position-taking plays a critical role here.
  • Not participating becomes dishonorable.
  • To move a majority of people to live and act in new ways, you have to get them to feel that
  • doing the right thing is now required for social respect
Kay Bradley

Police Reform Is Necessary. But How Do We Do It? - The New York Times - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...police-reform.html

shared by Kay Bradley on 27 Aug 20 - No Cached
  • The United States spends more on public safety than almost all its peer countries and much less, relatively speaking, on social services
  • Now we’re having a conversation that’s not just about how black communities are policed, and what reforms are required, but also about why we’ve invested exclusively in a criminalization model for public safety, instead of investing in housing, jobs, health care, education for black communities and fighting structural inequality.
  • Budgets are moral documents, reflecting priorities and values.
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  • Garza: In 2018 and 2019, my organization, Black Futures Lab, did what we believe is the largest survey of black communities in America. It’s called the Black Census Project. We asked more than 30,000 black people across America what we experience, what we want to see happen instead and what we long for, for our futures.
  • the No.1 issue facing them, and keeping them up at night, is that their wages are too low to support a family.
  • Imagine that you have a tool chest for solving social problems. It gives you options. Then you lose the tool of mental-health resources. You lose the tool of public education. They take out the tool of job placement. And then all you’ve got left is this one rusty hammer. That’s policing.
  • Simply defunding the police cannot be a legacy of this moment. I want to hear about investing in black communities more than I want to hear about defunding.
  • There are a host of things that the police are currently responding to that they have no business responding to.
  • They cause others to be armed, out of fear, who shouldn’t have to worry about defending themselves
  • A tiny percentage of people are the ones destabilizing communities
  • In many cities, the police spend a lot of time “on traffic and motor-vehicle issues, on false burglar alarms, on noise complaints and on problems with animals,”
  • When a police report leads to criminal charges — only a subset of the whole — about 80 percent of them are for misdemeanors. Friedman argues that we should hand off some of what the police do to people who are better trained for it.
  • There has been such a massive disinvestment in the social safety net that should exist to give black communities an opportunity to thrive, whether it’s access to health care or housing or education or jobs.
  • The dispatcher would route calls that aren’t about crimes or a risk of harm to social workers, mediators and others.
  • If you have a car accident, why is somebody with a gun coming to the scene?
  • Or answering a complaint about someone like George Floyd, who the store clerk said bought a pack of cigarettes with a counterfeit $20 bill?
  • Similarly, if you have a homeless man panhandling at a red light and you say to a cop, “Go fix it,” he’ll arrest the man. And now he has a $250 ticket. And how does he pay that? And what does any of this accomplish?
  • domestic disputes. They’re the subject of 15 to more than 50 percent of calls to the police
  • But might we get further in the long run if someone with other skills — in social work or mediation — actually handled the incident?
  • The women were deeply wary of the police in general, but 33 of them had called them at least once, often for help with a teenager. “Calling the police on family members deepens the reach of penal control,” Bell wrote. But the mothers in her study have scant options.
  • hey knew that if they called the police that real harm could come, and they didn’t want that.
  • When I did investigations for the Justice Department, I would hear police officers say: “I didn’t sign up to the police force to be a social worker. I don’t have that training.” They know they’re stuck handling things because there is a complete lack of investment in other approaches and responses.
  • In Eugene, Ore., some 911 calls are routed to a crisis-intervention service called Cahoots, which responds to things like homelessness, substance abuse and mental illness. Houston routes some mental-health calls to a counselor if they’re not emergencies. New Orleans is hiring people who are not police officers to go to traffic collisions and write reports, as long as there are no injuries or concerns about drunken driving. I’m borrowing these examples from Barry Friedman’s article. The point is that some cities are beginning to reduce the traditional scope of police work.
  • One of the most interesting studies about policing is a randomized comparison of different strategies for dealing with areas of Lowell, Mass., that were hot spots for crime. One was aggressive patrols, which included stop-and-frisk encounters and arrests on misdemeanor charges, like drug possession. A second was social-service interventions, like mental-health help or taking homeless people to shelters. A third involved physical upkeep: knocking down vacant buildings, cleaning vacant lots, putting in streetlights and video cameras. The most effective in reducing crime was the third strategy.
Kay Bradley

Say African American or Black, but first acknowledge the persistence of structural raci... - 0 views

www.urban.org/...-persistence-structural-racism

shared by Kay Bradley on 27 Aug 20 - No Cached
  • recent immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean have different combinations of history and experience, so some have argued that the term “black” is more inclusive of the collective experiences of the US population.
  • About 10 percent of the 46.8 million black people in the United States are foreign born. 
Kay Bradley

George Floyd, Minneapolis Protests, Ahmaud Arbery & Amy Cooper | The Daily Social Dista... - 0 views

www.youtube.com/watch

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  • Kay Bradley on 27 Aug 20
     
    Trevor Noah, the Social Contrac
Kay Bradley

Know their names: Black people killed by the police in the US - 0 views

interactive.aljazeera.com/...index.html

shared by Kay Bradley on 08 Sep 20 - No Cached
  • Kay Bradley on 08 Sep 20
     
    From Aljazeera English
Kay Bradley

Trump's Taxes Show Chronic Losses and Years of Income Tax Avoidance - The New York Times - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...donald-trump-taxes.html

shared by Kay Bradley on 28 Sep 20 - No Cached
  • Donald J. Trump paid $750 in federal income taxes the year he won the presidency.
  • of a $72.9 million tax refund
Kay Bradley

Asiento de Negros - Wikipedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Asiento_de_Negros

shared by Kay Bradley on 29 Sep 20 - No Cached
  • Spain had neither direct access to the African sources of slaves nor the ability to transport them, so the asiento system was a way to ensure a legal supply of Africans to the New World, which brought revenue to the Spanish crown
  • For the Spanish crown, the asiento was a source of profit.
  • In Habsburg Spain, asientos were a basic method of financing state expenditures:
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  • short-term loan contracts provided by bankers (asientos)
  • [18]
  • Initially, since Portugal had unimpeded rights in West Africa via its 1494 treaty it dominated the European slave trade of Africans.
  • the Spanish fiscal authorities gave individual asientos to merchants, primarily from Portugal, to bring slaves to the Americas.
  • Following the establishment of the Portuguese colony of Angola in 1575,
  • Angolan interests came to dominate the trade,
  • he period of the Iberian Union.
  • those holding asientos for the Brazilian slave trade often also trading slaves in Spanish America.
  • Till 1622 half of the slaves were destined for Mexico.
Kay Bradley

The New England and Middle colonies (article) | Khan Academy - 0 views

www.khanacademy.org/...ew-england-and-middle-colonies

shared by Kay Bradley on 01 Oct 20 - No Cached
  • Navigation ActsA series of acts passed between 1650 and 1673 that established three rules of colonial trade: first, trade must be carried out only on English ships; second, all goods imported into the colonies had to pass through ports in England; and third, specific goods, such as tobacco, could be exported only to England
  • Proprietary colonyColonies that were under the authority of individuals that had been granted charters of ownership, like Maryland and Pennsylvania.
  • The New England colonies were founded to escape religious persecution
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  • Motivations for colonization:
  • The Middle colonies, like Delaware, New York, and New Jersey, were founded as trade centers,
  • The Middle colonies were also called the “Breadbasket colonies”
  • New England colonies attracted Puritan settlers with families
  • Demographics
  • not single indentured servants
  • Middle colonies attracted a diverse group of European migrants, including Germans, Scots-Irish, French, and Swedish
  • Economics in the colonies: Colonial economies developed based on each colony’s environment
  • New England colonies depended on fishing, lumbering, and subsistence farming
  • Middle colonies also featured mixed economies, including farming and merchant shipping
  • Establishing representative governments:
  • Mayflower Compact
  • Taking into account that the English colonies were still under the British crown, creating the Mayflower Compact was unusually democratic for the time.
  • rench, and Dutch colonizers, the English colonizers rarely married Native Americans
  • Unlike the Spanish
  • F
  • Wampanoag
  • Narragansett
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