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mbali04

The Uncomfortable Truth About Slavery | Ben Salfield | The Blogs - 0 views

blogs.timesofisrael.com/omfortable-truth-about-slavery

222082081 ML Ncube History 2A

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  • cinderellaochu on 05 May 23
     
    You did not tag correctly.
mpumelelomeleh

The Philosophy of Colonialism: Civilization, Christianity, and Commerce - 2 views

scholarblogs.emory.edu/...Missionaries-430x270.jpg

#MpumeleloMkhwanazi Mpumelelo Mkhwanazi #History2A

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  • mpumelelomeleh on 26 Apr 23
     
    This image explores the ideas of Christianity and colonization being intertwined. We see missionaries taking young South African children, to colonize their minds and using religion to shape them how they want them to be.
radingwanaphatane

9780521885096_excerpt_001.pdf - 2 views

History 2A History2A PM RADINGWANA 220165865

shared by radingwanaphatane on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • increasing lethality of guns persuaded South Africans to reconsider ideas about citizenship, institutions, and identities. People who owned guns came to support ideologies that they associated with technological changes. At the same time, ideologies were being reflected in the design of the guns themselves.
  • The first three chapters trace the spread of guns in South Africa during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Beginning in the middle of the seventeenth century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) encouraged settlers to procure firearms and to serve in the militia. Until the end of the eighteenth century, gun ownership and militia service were encouraged and even required by the VOC, but the Boers who crossed the colonial boundaries into the African interior were forbidden from selling guns to Africans
  • Merchants and missionaries encouraged Africans to take up firearms as a way to gain security on a violent frontier. Guns were also a means for killing game animals. In 1812, after commenting on the extraordinary animals of the South African interior, the famous English traveler William J. Burchell wished that guns would spread more extensively to help people kill off the unwanted beasts. This in turn would result in the extension of modern, productive agriculture. 3 Animals died and agriculture spread.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The spread of European settlement and government caused major disruptions to African societies, even as the British colonies at the Cape and Natal, together with the Boer republics, attempted to rein in disorder. Part of their efforts involved gun control. The republics prohibited Africans from gun ownership, while the Cape and Natal imposed various restrictions on ownership and trade, including licensing and fees.
fortunatem

ivory trade image and description - Google Search - 7 views

www.google.com/search

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

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  • WikipediaShareSaveSavedReport this resultLoading...
  • out 65 800 000 results (0,36 seconds) 
  • mages may be subject t
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      The elephant tusks were being carried by slaves in this image because it was difficult to transport the heavy goods before the early-modern slave trades from East and West Africa were established. Newly captured slaves were therefore used to transport the bulky tusks to the ports where both the tusks and their carriers were sold.
dlangudlangu

The Relationship between Trade in Southern Mozambique and State Formation: Reassessing ... - 1 views

Anakho Dlangudlangu 221107980

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  • This theory centres on a cattle trade that came to replace the ivory trade from the late 18th century onwards, and was based on the demand for fresh meat by whaler
  • The Portuguese ivory trade at Delagoa Bay started in 1545, when a sporadic trade based on the monsoon seasons laid the foundation for the export of ivory that would boom in the latter half of the 18th century
  • although Hedges acknowledged the high value of copper and brass to Nguni society, he neglected the importance of brass jewellery as an indicator of political authority, while emphasising its importance in terms of its exchange value for cattle
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • sporadic
  • he traders from the north traded along the Nkomati river, bringing ivory in exchange for black cloth, and the abundance of brass offered along the Maputo river attracted the supply from the south, from the area beyond the Mkuze river, today known as northern KwaZulu-Natal.
  • Hedges modified Smith’s trade theory by suggesting that a cattle trade replaced a sharply dwindling ivory trade during the late 18th century, and argued that it was this change that influenced the development of state formatio
  • Hedges proposed that the boom in the ivory trade created a greater need for labour, which in turn led to chiefs drawing on regiment age sets, or amabutho, to facilitate hunting elephant in order to deliver a constant supply of ivory to the market
  • Hedges claimed that the ivory trade had rapidly declined by the end of the 18th century, and was replaced by a substantial cattle trade based on whalers’ need for fresh mea
  • The characteristic feature of trade during most of the 18th century was its sporadic nature, maintained ever since the establishment of the Portuguese ivory trade in the 16th century
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      ivory has been traded for many centuries and at the beggining it was a popular or consistent trade
  • t was under these favourable circumstances that Edward Chandler and his experienced crew made their way to Delagoa Bay with an official licence to exploit the ivory market from 1756.
  • Besides the limited political interference displayed by Europeans at this time, the greater level of ivory supply to the coast can be attributed to the ample supply of brass
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      there was a high demand of brass in the african societies and there was also a high demand for ivory in Europeans
  • he demand for ivory at Delagoa Bay was nothing new and was the reason for the Portuguese trade initiative in 154
  • During the Dutch era, ivory traders from the north-west interior in search of dark blue glass beads approached the coast to trade, but because these beads were always in short supply, the ivory trade faltered
  • And although they paid lower prices and were officially absent for three years after the French destroyed their fort in 1796, the ivory trade remained significant in terms of supplying imported goods to the northern Nguni
  • It was the abundant and constant supply of brass that determined the volume of ivory delivered to Europeans along the Maputo river, and I suggest that it was this factor, the ample supply of brass, that was the first in a sequence of events that led to state formation among the Nguni.
  • The average weight of Austrian exports alone, other than the continuing country trade, amounted to an average of 75,000 lb per annum. 36 This figure translates to 6,250 lb of ivory per month, representing the slaughter of over 160 elephants per month for the sake of the trade. This number assumes a conservative average of 39 lb of ivory per elephant, based on the ivory provided to the Dutch over the period 1 November 1731–8 January 1732. 37 The heaviest tusks that the Dutch traded weighed 80 lb, and if the Austrians traded exclusively in heavier tusks, hunters needed to kill at least one elephant a day to meet the demand. 38
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      the Australian demand for ivory was higher than the Dutch demand for ivory and that meant that many elephants were killed each and every day to meet the demand. also the demand fro brass and cloth among the african societies was high which can also explain the high killings of elephants for their tusks
  • Hedges also stressed the external demand for ivory as the reason for the ivory boom, rather than, as I claim, the internal demand for brass as the reason for the ivory boom
  • Elephant hunting in Africa was almost always done in large groups and needed great skill and planning. 40 Methods commonly used in Africa to kill elephant included using spears, or bows and poisoned arrows; digging pitfalls and deadfalls, perching in trees over elephant paths in order to plunge spears into animals passing underneath, and severing the hamstring tendon with a light axe
  • The basis of this assumption is the reach of the intermediary kingdom of Mabudu, which stretched to this river – and it was here that brass, a trade item almost as popular as beads, was in high demand
  • the Dutch traded copper bangles for ivory during the early stages of their trading post
  • 1 Further south, in Terra Natal, copper and, later, brass played a significant role in designating rank within the small chiefdoms of the early Nguni-speaking people. 52 Early observers noted the importance of dress and ornaments to distinguish rank. In a hierarchical society such as that of the Nguni, objects such as beads and metal jewellery, along with dressed skins, created a visual reminder of the status and prestige of the elite
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      brass was used for many things in the African societies and represented power. This explains why it was mostly the chiefs who were trading ivory in exchange for brass
  • Chiefs wore flat neck rings, while men and women of high rank wore neck rings made up out of one or more brass rings. Chiefs’ wives had solid brass balls threaded on to a string and worn around their necks, and small cast-brass buttons or studs decorated their skin garments
  • Traders like Chandler had easy access to brass because, by the late 17th century, British copper and brass dominated markets worldwide because of regulatory and technological developments
  • The significance of brass lay in its power to enhance chiefly prestige, signifying chiefs’ status as effective political leaders, with the
  • resources to attract and maintain a following. Brass, as copper, symbolised power, illustrated by Livingstone’s anecdote: ‘[w]hen [the chief] had finished his long oration he rose up, and in going off was obliged by such large bundles of copper rings on his ankles to adopt quite a straddling walk.
  • Elephant hunting was labour intensive: men needed to locate, track, pursue and bring down animals, cut out tusks and carry their spoils long distances to collection points along the upper reaches of the Maputo river. 3
  • Whalers created a significant trade in replenishing food supplies rather than dealing in ivory – which seems to point to the ‘sharp decline’ in the ivory trade, a factor that Hedges posits as the reason for the rise of a cattle trade to replace the ivory trade. 73 But, as we shall see later, he overestimated both the decline in the ivory trade and the volume of the cattle trade
    • dlangudlangu
      dlangudlangu on 26 Apr 23
       
      during the Whalers time ivory demand and trade declined as Whalers were mostly interested in food supply. trading brass and cloth for food, vegetables and meat. in this time cattle trading kept on increasing
  • Whalers supplied goods – brass, cloth and beads – generously in exchange for food. 7
  • He hypothesises that the whalers needed great quantities of meat, which, in turn, required large numbers of cattle on the hoof to be imported to Delagoa Bay. Y et the number of whalers was not as large as Hedges supposed, and the relatively small number of men was there for a limited time
  • But by the mid 18th century, the provision of meat and vegetables, particularly onions, increasingly became the domain of the Tembe chief. 90 The growing fresh-food sector of the market enabled the Tembe chief to increase his authority over his territory, evident in the appointment of the ‘King of the Water’ from at least 1784
  • Although it had fallen to lower levels, the ivory trade remained significant to the south-east African trade network.
  • the sharp decline of the ivory trade by 1814, compared to the period of 1802– 1803, was not concurrent with the presence of large numbers of whalers at Delagoa Bay. There was a reduction in whaling activity globally from the beginning of the 19th century
  • The comparative decline in the ivory trade from 1781, when the Portuguese re-established their authority over trade, diminished the flow of brass into the interior. As a sumptuous item, brass demanded stricter control over its redistribution, forming the pressing motive for the conflict among the northern Ngun
siphesihle26

'Butchering the Brutes All Over the Place': Total War and Massacre in Zululand, 1879.pdf - 2 views

Siphesihle Dlamini

shared by siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • e historiog
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      historiography- history of another history
  • and the dead were
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      killed brutally
  • annexation involving acts of barbarism by the British.2 The init
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      in a lot of writings about Africans and the Europeans, people of color the ones to be given inhumane descriptions but in this context it is the British being labelled otherwise.
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • ar was t
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the war was indeed extreme and that has helped, considering that there is not a lot of white people populating the Kwa-Zulu Natal province yet South Africa was colonized by Britain
  • ined: 'obviously the British troops, after the savageries inflicted on their comrades at Isandlwana, felt justified in taking a leaf out of the Zulu book of total war, and felt no compassion for the defeated enemy.'
  • t was a spl
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      there were a lot of people who dies dies at the war in topic but the man has the audacity to call it a fight like it was some sort of fist fight it is however good that he gives some credit to the Zulu people
  • enemy after battle was not, as most historians, who have noticed it, suggest, simply an over-reaction by white troops or the uncontrollable behaviour of native levies, but became an essential though unacknowledged part of British strategy which emerged necessarily from the pathology of empire when confronted with the possibility of d
  • Over 850 white and several hundred black soldiers were killed and most of the dead were ritually c
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this needed bravery and not something revealed by most sources especially those accessible anywhere on the web. this could have been a ritual or for the Zulu people to satisfy themselves that they have won and conquered the enemy.
  • f two thousand volunteers, based on the Boer commando system, should 'go into the enemy's country without wagons or food, kill what oxen we want for meat, and eat what mealies we can, and destroy the rest; attack small bands of Kaffir, burn villages, and capture oxen wherever we can, and always avoid the large impis'.1
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      wants to avoid "IMPI" which is a war but goes into someone's territory destroying it and expect them to just sit back and not retaliate. The Zulu nation went to war in defense of their province and country
  • geant Ellis had written in a letter to his father on 31 December 1878: 'if Cetshwayo does not come to terms, we will demand his lands, kill his people as they come across our path and burn all his kraals.'14 In a further letter, once the invasion had started, Ellis wrote that 'we are about to capture all the cattle belonging to the Zulus and also to burn their kraals.'1
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the war was unfavorable and very brutal that one of the two nations had to succumb and surrender to avoid having one nation wiped out the by the other. There was no mercy and it was very inconsiderate of the British because they came with an ultimatum to a people's land expect them to just give in to their demand willingly and easily. Everyone and anyone would try and fight back if they had found themselves in such a situation before accepting loss
  • massacres:
  • be add
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      taken as evidence
  • the 'In
  • rrow and Lord Gifford, the large military Kraal of Empang weni one of Cetshwayo's c
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the best way to win over people is to get to their leader first. Cetshwayo was the leader and if he felt defeated and called his troops to surrender the war would have ended the very same day and if he calls for war and revenge with body count against the British because they had nothing that would be used as revenge or collateral by the zulu because all their assets were left in Britain.
  • strategic and psychological reasons; unles
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Psychology is the science of mind and behavior. it is a study of logic, it helps people think logically but there is no logic in this statement
  • ganized
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      only cattle can be slaughtered meaning the Zulu people are being compared to cattle in this context.
  • rent impression: 'We have much to avenge and please God we will do it. I pity the Zulus that fall into our hands. You would feel as I do if you had seen the awful scenes I did on the night of 22nd
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      they have the audacity to use the Lord's name in vain when they were the one who picked on the other nation.
  • bayon
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      A bayonet (from French baïonnette) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket
  • y imperial officers in the slaughter, their acquiescence in this operation is undoubted: the scene of
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      people meant to protect the community were the ones killing it and did not want to be hels accountable in anyway which was cowardness
  • Wood rejected the charges and claimed that prisoners were well treated: Ί believe no Zulus have been killed by white men except in action, and as I rewarded Wood's irregulars for every live Zulu brought in, I had many saved.'50 Though Wood was able to show that Private Snooks's dates were inaccurate (he had confused 30 March for 29 March), Wood's response appears to be a minor masterpiece of official evasio
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this piece suggests that there were courts and government laws even during the war of 1879 but it looks like it was playing its part because the war would not have continued had it been handled amicably in court before even one person was killed from either troops.
  • heathe
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      a heathenis a person who does not belong to a widely held religion. and they could have been having long term issues where they would have disowned but him killing the other person must haven traumatic for the women because she gave life to this person and now a foreigner comes from nowhere and takes the person's life instantly. the lady is probably on the mountain because she was running away from them
siphesihle26

The History Press | 10 things you didn't know about the Zulu Army - 1 views

www.thehistorypress.co.uk/...idn-t-know-about-the-zulu-army

Siphesihle Dlamini History 2A

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  • In the war of 1879 the Zulus had more guns than the British
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      Guns were first invented in China and South Africa at this time was not an ally nor enemy with China. why would they have more resources than a well developed country
  •  The Nguni cattle whose hides were used for shields came in over a hundred different colours and patterns, each with its own Zulu name. Each regiment was supposed to carry a distinctive colour of shield, but by 1879 shortages of cattle made this impractical.
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      this is still practiced to present date.
  • iments in 1877
    • siphesihle26
      siphesihle26 on 26 Apr 23
       
      the war could have possibly been shaken by this incidents and there need to be proper planning of the invasion before 1879
radingwanaphatane

v36a13.pdf - 2 views

History 2A History2A PM RADINGWANA 220165865

shared by radingwanaphatane on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Firearms have a long and significant history in Africa. From their early introduction into the continent, largely as items of trade, firearms have been intricately bound in the various forms of European intrusion into Africa, from the slave trade to pacification and colonisation. Predictably, the history of firearms in Africa has attracted substantial scholarly attention over the past half a century. The result has been the development of a large body of literature on the topic and a proliferation of conflicting viewpoints and beliefs. The literature on the role and use of firearms in Africa has undergone significant changes over the last half-century and, given the dramatic transformations in political context within Africa over the same period, this is hardly surprising
  • while imports of firearms closely tracked imports of slaves, a guns-forslaves equation is too simple to describe the complexities of political transformations. Not only did guns play an ancillary rather than primary role in most African armies of this era, but for the most important states, guns [were merely an element in] a process of military transformation that was already underway. 1
  • In addition, Richards notes that the firearm trade peaked in the 1830s (although he gives no figures for this peak), which again weakens the ‘slave–gun cycle’ theory. 13 Firearms were being imported well before the heyday of the slave trade and their importation continued to rise in many key slaving areas after its abolition.
mzwandile02

'Fighting Stick of Thunder': Firearms and the Zulu Kingdom: The Cultural Ambiguities of... - 3 views

www.tandfonline.com/...0729247314Z.00000000040

History 2A guns Mzwandile Malevy 221064860

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  • mzwandile02 on 26 Apr 23
     
    The Zulu's were trading firearms in order to increase their battle potential, but at some point they still used their spears as it was their culture or teaching.
fortunatem

The Mozambique and Apassa Slave Trade - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 5 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

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    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Due to the Makangwara attacks, one of which destroyed the university mission station at Masasi, the previously established commerce route from Ngassa to the Zanzibar coast is now more risky.
b20010527

THE ZULU WAR IN ZULU PERSPECTIVE on JSTOR - 3 views

www.jstor.org/...41801671

Boledi Maroga

shared by b20010527 on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • THE ZULU WAR IN ZULU PERSPECTIVE
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