University of Johannesburg History 2A 2023

"In fact Isandlwana is one of the most probably humiliating defeats of the British army ever," he said.

thanks, and the proceedings terminated. Mr. Joseph Thomson redelivered his Paper in the Freemasons J Hall~ Edin- burgh~ at the Evening Meeting of the Society, on the llth January. The Right Hon. Lord Provost Clark, Member of Council, presided. A discussion of a more than usually interesting and animated

that contact with Europeans had not been a damage to the natives of South Africa, but had been a clear profit.--

cient trade, the Congo railway would doubtless pay. As an instance of what had been done in the way of introducing new products, he mentioned that the Blantyre Mission took out three coffee trees from the Edinburgh Botanical Gardens.

MR. HENRY O'NEILL, a Corresponding Member of the Society and H.M. Consul at Mozambique, read his Paper, which we print as our third article, on Th~ Ancient C~vilisation, Trade, and Commerce of Eastern Africa, at a Joint Meeting of the Society and the Philosophical Society of Glasgow, in the Lecture Hall of the latter Society, on Wednesday evening, the 27th January. Dr. W. G. Blackie presided ; and, on the conclusion of the Paper, the meeting was addressed by Dr. Laws, who moved the vote of thanks, Mr. John Moir, and Mr. Scott of Blantyrc.--Dr. Dudgeon afterwards read a Paper on China's Colonial _Possessions. In the course of his remarks, Dr. Dudgeon, who has resided in China for the last twenty years, and who returns thither in a few days, said that our trade with China had nothing to fear from German or other competition, provided fair play were given to all. On the following evening, Mr. O~l~eill read his Paper b

It was comiposed mainly of Asiatics from the warlike tribes of Kurdistan, Circassia and Syria, and Arnauts from Albania. After the European powers checked the conquering career of Ibrahim-Pasha, the army was reduced to 40,000 men and rarely reached that number. Of late years it has varied from 30,000 to 15,000 men or less, according to the state of the treasury. Until the late reductions imposed by the Anglo-French commission, the Egyptian army consisted of 22 regiments of infantry of 3 battalions each; 4 battalions of rifles; 4 regiments of cavalry and 144 pieces of artillery. It is recruited by a totally arbitrary and irregular system of conscription. The inhabitants of Cairo and Alexandria are exempte

Simply because a despotic prince, however intelligent, is always deceived by falsehood and intrigue, and the Khedive has never yet known the truth about the Abyssiiiian war. The best regiments in the Egyptian service are those formed of negroes from Central Africa. These' are savages captured by slave traders and forcibly taken from them by the Government in order to destroy the slave trade. When retaken from the traders, it is impossible to send them back to their own country, for one-half of them have already died on the way and the rest would perish going back. So the Government makes soldiers of them and gives them the women as wives. Now, let m

. Ismail was deposed, and Tewfik, vastly inferior in force of character, reigns in in his place. Soon-eafter his accession, a Circassian was promoted General over the heads of three native Colonels. The latter sent a protest to the Khedive, who ordered them to the citadel under arrest, but their regiments rose in arms and released them. The Khedive sent two picked regiments of his guards to overawe the mutineers, but they joined the latter and the Khedive had to yield to all their demands, to revoke the objectionable promotion and to appoint a new Minister of War. A few months later another military demonstration forced the governmenit to increase the pay of the army. And now a new rallying cry has been raised, "Egypt for the Egyptians !" Otut -with Turks and Cireassiatns! Out with foreign Comptrollers who grind out the fellaheen for the benefit of foreign bondholders! Arabi-Bey, who is the leader of the movement, is only a Colonel, but all the native regiments are under his influence, while the Turkish and Circassian pashas, unable to command the obedience of the troops, look helplessly on.* In the meantime, the Assembly of Notables, from whom no opposition was dreamed of (otherwise it never would have been called),

The experienced old Germaln surgeon (Dr.Pfund) attached to the expedition assured me that my only hope of life was to get on a boat and float down to Cairo, and that I would certainly die if I went into the deserts. But I knew that if I tuirned back and left the expedition in charge of the native officers, they would never budge one mile from the. Nile, and the expedition, which was very costly anid important, would be a complete failure, reflecting much discredit upon the American staff. I considered it one of those cases in which a soldier must prefer his duty to his life, and I started from the Nile for the capital of Kordofan in such a helpless condition that I had, to be lifted by the soldiers on and off my dromedary.

e ancient Hebrews, and the manners and ideas as well as the morals of the Mussulmans, with regard to women, are very much such as pictured in Scripture of Abraham, Jacob and Judah, David and Solomon and a host of other patriarchs. Th

In this account, we see most usefully the destination of those trafficked in the trade: the homelands of “Arab” traders. This destination contributes to a continuing lack of western historical knowledge about the East African slave trade. In contrast to the West African slave trade, the trade of enslaved captives in East Africa was not managed for the benefit of European economies. Local slave traders were part of an Arab trading system that was fundamentally separate from European capitalism until well into the eighteenth century. The organization of early Islamic society, like societies based on Christianity and Judaism, included the exploitation of individuals as coerced labor. Even when manumission was practiced and urged by the Prophet Muhammed, a caveat of tolerance for the practice remained.

hough ivory had always trickled through from the interior to the coast, the growth in the demand for ivory in the nineteenth century made a more systematic approach necessary for its gathering. As early as 1811 caravans from the coast were reaching into central Tanzania, and a decade later Swahili-Arab caravans were found on the other side of Lake Tanganyika in modem Zaire. By mid-century the Arabs had established the town of Unyanyembe or Tabora, and Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika.

When the Swahili-Arabs themselves raided for slaves they usually did so at night; Arabs villages were surrounded and burned down and gardens were destroyed, because starvation favoured the conditions in which the slave trade thrived.

Swahili-Arabs were ruthless ivory hunters and razed the villages of those who stood in their way