It was believed that the African Christians would be able to initiate a different approach and achieve greater success.
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guns in africa between 1800 and 1890 - Google Search - 1 views
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Developments after 1800 were to result in significant development of African military systems. Guns assumed a more dominant place on the battlefield, but the military system of the Zulu eschewed the gun in favour of the motivated spearman. Both approaches were to have important effects.
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_book_9789004319974_B9789004319974-s004-preview (2).pdf - 1 views
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In 1844 the first two missionaries had arrived at Mombasa, Dr Johann Ludwig Krapf and his wife Rosina.
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Two years later Krapf had been joined by another German, Johann Rebmann, who was unmarried. Later Rehmann married an English widow who was a missionary in Egypt. Others joined them from time to time, but none Iasted very long, succumbing to the diseases of the coastal area. Two other German missionaries were been posted to India after their health failed in East Africa.
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Three others died. Five English missionaries returned to Britain either before reaching Kenya, or soon after their arrival. 1 Krapf hirnself left East Africa because of his health, in 1853.
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For a nurober of years, then, they were the only missionaries in Kenya. At this stage, no other missionary society, Catho1ic or Protestant, had started work in this part of Africa.
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In 1873 Sir Bartle Frere found only eight Christians, of whom five had been sent from Bombay. 3 Krapfs grand vision had been that the mission at Rabai, a few miles from Mombasa, would be the start of a 'chain of missions' Stretching across Africa from east to west.
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Perhaps more significant were their journeys into the inland areas of East Africa, Rehmann into the country of the waChagga araund Mount Kilimanjaro, Krapf to the inland plains and hills of Kenya, to the land of the waKamba. Each made two major journeys inland, being the first Europeans to visit those areas. Krapf s specific purpose was to explore the land for the future founding of mission centres. On the second trip, he stated that his intention was to 'found a missionary station and thus to commence the chain of missions through Africa' . 7
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Nevertheless, the two missionaries were the first in the field of the study of East African languages and provided a basic knowledge which other Western people could use
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Krapf compiled a Grammar and Dictionary of the Swahili language and translated the New Testament into that language. He also published a vocabulary of six other languages. 5 Rehmann continued the linguistic work after his colleague's departure, completing dictionaries of three languages. 6
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I believe that they went through all of this to make sure they recruit a lot of people
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On this journey, Krapf was travelling with a chief of the waKamba, Kivoi, whom he had met on Kivoi's trading trips to Mombasa, the W aKamba being great traders, moving up and down the path from the coast to the interior. As Krapf and Kivoi journeyed towards Mount Kenya, they were ambushed by bandits and Kivoi was killed.
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Krapf was blamed for his death, and held prisoner. He escaped and made his way back to the coast after many hardships. He did not go on any further journeys inland.
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There were, however, deeper reasons for the Iack of conspicuous success of the rnissionaries.
Diigo - Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 2 views
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Dr. Livingstone, I Presume? The Legacy of Dr. David Livingstone.pdf - 1 views
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Yes, ' said he, with a kind smile, lifting his cap slightly
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The way David Livingstone accepts and returns this greeting shows how respectful and welcoming he is. This demonstrates what he stands for as in terms of his religion.
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od,
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sume?" He was awe struck
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David Livingstone was truly the greatest explorer, and this is evident in how he was viewed by other explorers.
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rful. A Jack-of-all-
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David Livingstone must have possessed a number of skills for him to be labelled. He was the greatest explorer and he also excelled at being a missionary. He performed his respective tasks thoroughly. To an extent this shows his level of dedication.
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cer; as a missionary he is holding meetings every other night, preaching on Sund
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One of his missions when he came to Africa was to transform as many people to Christianity. He completed much more than during his voyage.
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Having seen firsthand during his time as a missionary in Botswana and his travels through Zambia and Angola and in east and central Africa, he was determined to bring this slave tra
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His mission as a missionary did not just end at recruiting people into Christianity, but he also wanted to better the lives of people. The abolishment of slavery would be beneficiary towards the livelihoods of those affected.
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merce. His call to the Church in the UK was for the establishment of Commerce, Christianity and Civilization. In his own words he challenged others thus: "...make Africa a prosperous land, liberty must be proclaimed to the captive, and the slave system with all its accursed surroundings, brought conclusively to an end...friends, can the love of Christ not carry the missionary where the slave-trade carries the tr
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David Livingstone and other explorers believed in the development of Africa and the people. More missionaries were recruited to help reach this goal of liberating Africa.
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t, The mission did not really abandon the fight against slav
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Explorers who also came as missionaries took up other missions, one of them was joining the mission of abolishing slavery. The mission proved to be hard because there were people who were against the liberation of the slaves because it would disadvantage.
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the U
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-aparthei
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He appreciated the agricultural value of the land and the potential of the people to become farme
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As an explorer he also admired the beauty of the continent which may have been the reason why he wanted to serve it so passionately. The idea of farming was going to improve the lives of people, which was one of his objectives as an explorer and a missionary.
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Them Who Kill the Body: Christian Ideals and Political Realities in the Interior of Sou... - 2 views
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This article considers the changing political significance of Christianity in the interior of southern Africa during the 1850s,
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y European missionaries to reconcile their service both to African communities and to European expansion, which compelled them to articulate a rationale for their civilising mission.
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On attempts by European missionaries to reconcile their service to both African communities and to European expansion, which obliged them to create a justification for their civilizing mission, Christianity had a political role in the interior of southern Africa during the 1850s. In the end, missionaries pushed for increased European influence in the interior, which quickly spread and gave rise to colonial power. African perceptions of Christianity and its connection to Europeans underwent a huge shift in the 1850s when many Africans began to view Christian doctrine and paraphernalia as comparatively benign oddities that might be used for their communities' good. They are unaware that this is not the case, though. This is crucial because it sets up how the missionaries gained more clout.
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Introduction The 1850s were a turbulent time in the interior of southern Africa, stirred by a boom in the trade of wildlife products and guns, an outbreak of bovine lungsickness, and escalation of African-European tensions into open warfare
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The 1850s were a turbulent time in the interior of southern Africa, stirred by a boom in the trade of wildlife products and guns, an outbreak of bovine lungsickness, and escalation of African-European tensions into open warfare. 1
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There was tremendous variation in the experiences of Africans and their communities during the long and gradual expansion of European influence in southern Africa,
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Christianity eventually became more instrumental in colonisation, but in early encounters between Africans and Europeans beyond the frontier of the Cape Colony there was limited control by anyone over its use and ownership, allowing its humanitarian and universalistic ideals to assume greater currency.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3601292 - 0 views
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Ivory in World History Early Modern Trade in Context.pdf - 1 views
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Ivory, however, was a global commodity in the broadest and most literal sense of the word. Ivory trade affected the ecology, economy, and material culture of most of the inhabited world. Ivory is an integral part of human history because the networks of trade that were fueled by ivory connected the most distant corners of the globe. Ivory had a symbolic and practical role in shaping the material culture even in countries where there were no elephants.
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Ivory was a worldwide trade. It connected different countries and had an impact on the economy of most regions as it was connected to culture and history, especially in countries that had no elephants.
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vory has a variety of meanings. The word ‘ivory’ can refer to tusks or dentine (tooth) material of elephants, mammoths, walruses, wild boar, hippopotamus or sperm whale or narwhal horn. It can even refer to a plant material produced by the palm ivory (phytelephas) of South America. The endosperm of this tree, called the tagua or corozo nut, is also known as vegetable ivory because it can be carved like and looks similar to elephant ivory. In the late 19th and early 20th century, this nut was widely used for buttons and other inexpensive objects, which have now largely been replaced by plastic. Elephant ivory is therefore sometimes called ‘true ivory’. Each kind of ivory has its story, but here we will focus on true ivory because it had the greatest consumption and the widest impact on the natural and built environment. True ivory is an incisor on the elephant that continues to grow throughout the elephant’s lifetime. 1 Tusk size therefore loosely equates with the age of the elephant.
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The word ivory has different meanings, but from my understanding, it is tusks and tooth coming from mostly an elephant. There is soft and hard ivory. Soft ivory was the one more in demand as it played a big role in the trading world because it was more flexible.
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Paleomastadon
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Elephas
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Elephas is also an elephant that is said to be one of the two surviving genera in the family of elephants..
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Loxodonta
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These are African elephants and they are called Loxodonta because they have lozenge-shaped enamel on their molar teeth.
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For all of human history, demand for ivory was wide across the entire globe, from the Inuit who carved mammoth tusk to the Indonesian and Japanese archipelagos and most of the area in between. This was an effect of not just the usefulness of ivory, but also the fact that elephants inhabited areas in which they are now extinct. The Syrian elephant, for example, once roamed modern-day Syria and Iran. Scholars do not agree whether this was a subspecies which some have called Elephas maximus asurus, or an imported group of Asian elephants, an assumption based on an extremely limited bone sample remains that show a resemblance to Elephas maximus. A conclusive answer will not be possible until more fossil evidence is found to correlate to the evidence found in documents, coins, seals, and other man-made objects that suggest elephants were present in this region.
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The elephant's ivory was wanted worldwide, ivory trade also became the most known trade surpassing the slave trade, as it was important because it was connected to history and culture.
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The second half of the 19th century brought many changes that affected ivory trade besides new distribution routes. The spread of large caliber elephant guns around mid-century made it much easier to kill elephants.
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As the ivory trade grew, it led to more elephants being killed which is why most elephants are extinct.
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As with any object of value, ivory has always attracted a criminal element. In Song dynasty China, large tusks were cut down so they would weigh less than 30 catties (a bit over 40 lbs) to avoid having to sell them at lower prices on the official market. It is still common practice to hide lead weights in the hollow portion of the tusk (Fig. 7), since they are sold by weight.
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The large tusk that was cut down had an impact on slavery as more people were needed to become slaves hence the increase in demand for ivory, and they were even named " black ivory."
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Ivory has sometimes been called the plastic of the 19th century. In a sense, ‘plastic’ is an accurate description of ivory because it can be worked in so many ways and so demonstrates plasticity.
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Ivory was sometimes called plastic as it was soft and can be turned into any object.
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The Arrival of Cetewayo.pdf - 0 views
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The newspaper article stated that Cetewayo did not acknowledge his weaknesses which resulted in the Zulu tribe under his role losing the war against Britain and being dethroned. There were many controversies on the usefulness of restoring or not restoring the throne to him. The article also mention a separation within the Zulu Kingdom which took place with the intent to eliminate any possible threat to the British monarchy. Most of the English saw the separation as an embarrassment.
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Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration.pdf - 3 views
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nted a
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yeilded is to give forth or produce by natural process or in return for cultivation
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y Johann Re
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johannes Rebmann was agerman missinary, linguist and explorer credited with feats including being the first european ,along with his colleague johann Ludwig krapf to enter africa from the indian ocean coast. in addition he was the first european to find kilimanjaro.
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to switch from
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In matrilineal kinship sysytems,lineage and inheritance are traced through a groups female members and children are parts of their mothers and children are parts of their mothers kinship group. in contrast in patrillineal systems group membership is determined through men and children are part of their fathers kinship.
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s too. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and
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. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and wanted to stay more
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ample,
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Mtyela Kasanda, better known as King Mirambo, was a Nyamwezi king, from 1860 to 1884. He created the largest state by area in 19th-century East Africa in present day Urambo district in Tabora Region of Tanzania. Urambo district is named after him. Mirambo started out as a trader and the son of a minor chief.
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Europeans,
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NYUNGU-YA-MAWE was the exact contemporary and, for a time at least, the ally, of Mirambo-ya-banhu, the famous Nyamwezi war-lord who rose. to power in west-central Tanzania early in the second half of the nine- teenth century.
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omoted
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Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting-breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. It can also refer to the state or result of being broken up or having been divided.
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on th
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In the period of exploration the most notable visitors for the majority of East Africans were not the European explorers so much as other Africans and, more particularly, the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar. By the late 1870s again, it might be argued, some sort of accommodation showed signs of being reached between these traders and many African
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For the bulk of East Africans, other Africans and especially the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar were the most famous visitors throughout the age of exploration rather than European explorers. It may be argued that by the late 1870s, some type of accommodation had been made between these traders and many Africans.
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r. There was in fact much more social and political cohesion in East African societies than most explorer
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IN East African societies africans were more united in terms ofsocial and political than the most of the explores and the explores discovered that when they were there in east africa.
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'scientific geo
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A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts.
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appear to have been in the Society mainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individuals may have joined because they considered their continental tours made them explorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthy amateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample. But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen, no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sample being
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appear to have been in the Societymainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individualsmay have joined because they considered their continental tours made themexplorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthyamateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample.But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen,no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sammple being naval officcers.
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out th
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It is insistent and positive affirming, maintaining or defending as of a right or attribute an aasertion of ownership/ innocence .
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Clements Markha
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Sir clements Robert Markham was an english geographer , explorer and writer.He was secretsry of the royal geographical society between 1863 and 1888 and later served as the society's president for a futher 12 years
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'Scientific geography' did, in fact, mean, more than anything, the recording of accurate observations for latitude, longitude and height on the basis of which satis? factory maps could be constructed. In this sense, the 'discovery' of a feature like the source of the Nile was indeed a discovery for it definitively established a scientific fact.
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In reality, the recording of precise observations for latitude, longitude, and height on which reliable maps could be created were what "scientific geography" really meant. In this sense, the 'finding' of a feature like the source of the Nile was legitimately a discovery because it established a scientific fact.
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Although the British government moved to increase its control over East Africa for reasons that involve much wider considerations, the apparent need to improve law and order provided at least a very powerful justification. Indeed it was a necessary part of the process by which imperial objects could be achie
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Even if the British government expanded its influence over East Africa for far larger objectives, the seeming need to strengthen law and order served as at least a very strong pretext. In fact, it was a crucial step in the process of achieving imperial goals. Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.
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precursors. It is much more difficult to attempt an answer to the question of what Africans learned or thought they learned about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa. Obviously, first of all, the explorers' direct social and economic impact was slight. It is true that Captain Speke seems to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by one of the Kabaka's
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Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.Answering the topic of what Africans discovered or believed they discovered about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa is far more challenging. Obviously, the direct social and economic impact of the explorers was little. It is true that according to the CMS Archives, Captain Speke appears to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by a Kabaka sister.
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Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke, for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to be taken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable ally for one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera; in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971). Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who, unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, did frequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabs in 1
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Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke,for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to betaken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable allyfor one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera;in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971).Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who,unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, didfrequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabsin 1
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European explorers could, then, have a noticeable political effect although generally only in the short term. In the longer term, their special characteristics probably operated in different and less easily described ways. Early European visits to Buganda were marked by great questionings of the explorers on the place of Man in Society and in t
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Therefore, European explorers could have an impact on politics, albeit usually in the short term. Their unique traits likely functioned in distinct and harder-to-describe ways over a longer period of time. Early European excursions to Buganda were distinguished by intense inquiries about the role of man in society and in the world.
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To the Victoria Falls - David Livingstone - 1 views
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A Scottish medical missionary and explorer would be the first to make two important discoveries regarding the Zambizi river. Dr David Livingstone was the first to realise that the upper section of the river became the Zambezi known from the east coast, and the first to see the magnificent Victoria Falls, naming them after his British Queen and making them known to the world.
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He arrived at Kuruman, a mission founded by Scottish missionary Robert Moffat in Bechuanaland (now Botswana), in July. He made few converts during his time as a missionary, but quickly learnt native languages and focused on teaching agriculture and medicine
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In 1843, together with his wife and fellow missionary Roger Edwards, Livingstone established a mission station on the Kalahari margins at Mabotsa (near present-day Zeerust) amongst the Bakwena people, the chief of who, Sechele, would become Livingstone's only recorded religious convert
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In 1843 David Livingstone nearly lost his life. Encouraged by the local people to help them deal with a troublesome lion, his shot merely wounded it and it charged and leapt at him.
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At Kolobeng Livingstone built a home, erected a church, farmed, healed the sick and preached to Sechele’s people
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this is further proof of one of the many accomplishments Dr Livingstone achieved as a missionary in Africa.
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In June 1849 David Livingstone, together with a wealthy hunter, William Cotton Oswell, set off in search of a great inland lake of which they had heard rumours – despite of the concerns of his employers, the London Missionary Society.
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but on the 1st August 1849 they became the first Europeans to discover Lake Ngam
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Livingstone took full advantage of their discovery, showing early signs of the skilled self-promotion which would make him the most celebrated explorer of his time. He received a gold medal by the Royal Geographical Society in London for his efforts.
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