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IVORY TRADE IN EAST AFRICA.pdf - 0 views

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  • THE EAST AFRICAN IVORY TRADE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
  • THE East African ivory trade is an ancient one. It is mentioned in the first accounts of geographers and travellers, and they give it more prominence than the
  • ave-trade. It may have been the search for ivory which brought the first ships around Cape Guardafui, and then southwards along the East Afr
  • ...23 more annotations...
  • great quantity.1 Reference to the export of ivory from the East African coast continues throughout the early and later middle
  • Marco Polo refers to the East African coast and states: 'they have elephants in plenty and drive a brisk trade in tusks'.2 During the Portuguese domination of the coast from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ivory continued to be an important export; it receives more mention in Portuguese records than does the slave tr
  • East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from
  • ast Asia. But in addition to the markets of the East, East African ivory was much sought after in Europe for the large ivory carving centres which had grown up in southern Germany and in the Low Countries during the Middle Ages, and which supplied large numbers of religious reliquaries and artistic novelties for Christian Europe.
  • But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place. An increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Throughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
  • ntil the early nineteenth century, ivory was obtained in sufficient quantity from the coast to meet demand, but, writing in the i84os, the missionary Krapf observed that, although the elephant was still found in some areas near the coast, ivory caravans were now making regular trips into Usagara, Masailand and the Kikuyu countries. Krapf was surprised to see an elephant tusk from Kikuyuland so large that it required three stalwart Akamba tribesmen to carry it
  • The two great inland markets for ivory were Unyanyembe (Tabora) in what is now central Tanzania, and Ujiji on the east coast of Lake Tanganyi
  • The British East Africa Company purchased ivory in Buganda at the rate of 35 lb. of ivory for two kegs of powd
  • The ivory trader had to know his ivory, which varies from hard to soft. On the whole, the ivory of East Africa is of the soft variety. The dividing line between soft and hard is the Congo border; west of this line it is hard, to the east it is soft, although there are variations within each region. Buyers maintained that soft ivory came from areas where water was scarce; for example coastal ivory from near Pangani and Mombasa was never as good as that from the dry, upland regions of the interior. Sof
  • ivory is white, opaque, and smooth, it is gently curved, and easily worked, and has what might be called 'spring'. Hard ivory, on the other hand, is translucent, glossy and of a heavier specific gravity than soft ivory; it is more subject to extremes of temperature and more difficult to carve.
  • ing, although in the interior the price might fluctuate in terms of trade goods. It rose from io lb. of ivory for I lb. of beads in 1848, to almost weight for weight in 1859; then at the time of the Franco-Prussian War there was another rise, and then the price levelled o
  • Bargaining for ivory required infinite patience. In some countries, such as Buganda, Bunyoro and Ankole, the ivory trade was largely controlled by the ruler, with whom negotiations were carried on; one tusk of every pair belonged de jure to the king, who also possessed the right to purchase the remaining
  • e. Ivory also fell into the ruler's hands in the form of tribute from subject states.15 The arrival of Basoga and Bakedi chiefs bearing rich presents of ivory was a common occurrence at Mutesa's court, as the first missionaries in Uganda obse
  • The value of ivory was calculated in different ways. The African estimated its value by its size and quality. The Arab carried his steel-yard scales which were simple and practical, and, all things being equal, he purchased ivory by weight, the unit being the frasilah (34-3
  • lb.).16 In the southern Sudan and some parts of East Africa-for example, in Karagweivory was valued in terms of cattle, and this was one of the causes of the cattle raids carried out by ivory dealers. With the cattle they looted, they could trade for more ivory.
  • vory no doubt, when combined with free porterage in the form of slaves, was highly lucrative, for both could be sold at the coast, and the profit from slaves was in a sense baksheesh
  • The business of ivory trading could only be rendered lucrative by constant extension and development, and this required more capital than the Arab possessed. The first Europeans to arrive on the East African coast had found the ivory trade largely in the hands of the Indian merchants at Zan
  • and in preference to his left, so an elephant works with a particular tusk'. One tusk is usually more worn and lighter than the other; and it is frequently broken owing to its use as a lever to tear up small trees, hence the term el hamid-'the servant'-given to this tusk by the ivory trad
  • At the same time as the ivory reserves of East Africa were being tapped from the east coast, there was also taking place a substantial ivory trade to the north by the Nile r
  • Ivory is elastic and flexible, and can be used to make excellent riding whips, these being cut longitudinally from whole tusks. Nothing was wasted from ivory, hundreds of sacks of cuttings and shavings, scraps returned by manufacturers, were used as ivory dust for polishing, in the preparation of Indian ink, and even for food in the form of ivory je
  • Zanzibar as the ivory market for East Africa, supplying 75 % of the world's total in 1891, began to lose ground by the end of the century. There had been for many years a substantial ivory export from the lesser dhow ports on the mainland, such as Malindi,
  • ury. In 1960-61 not only did the entire export of East African ivory-I50,ooo lb.-pass through this port, but also 200,000 lb. from the Con
  • During the nineteenth century ivory over-topped all rivals in trade valueeven slaves.
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Part 2: Zanzibar's Commercial Empire: 1800 to 1880 - AP Central | College Board - 0 views

apcentral.collegeboard.org/...rs-commercial-empire-1800-1880 Lindokuhle Ntseare 222011098 History 2A
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  • Seyyid Said, the sultan of Oman and Zanzibar (1806-1856),
  • Zanzibar's major exports were ivory, slaves, and eventually cloves, but the real "engine" of its transformation was the continuous growth of ivory exports. A very rapid rise in the British demand for ivory in the Bombay market boosted trade between India and the East African ports. The ivory trade was stimulated throughout the century as demand in Europe and America continued to grow. Eastern Africa responded, but supply could not keep up with increasing demand, so that the price of ivory rose throughout the nineteenth century (for the evidence, see Sheriff 1987). In Europe and America ivory was used for piano keys, billiard balls, umbrella and knife handles, and combs.
  • The profits of the ivory trade enriched the coffers of Zanzibar's customs house (revenues doubled between 1804 and 1819) and augmented the capital available to Zanzibar's merchants
  • ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
     
    Zanzibar's commercial empire in the 19th century was built largely on the ivory and slave trade. The port of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, became a major center for the export of ivory to markets in Europe and Asia. The trade brought great wealth to Zanzibar and helped to make it one of the most prosperous cities in East Africa at the time. The ivory trade in Zanzibar was controlled by a small number of wealthy Arab and Indian merchants who monopolized the trade and accumulated vast fortunes. These merchants established commercial networks throughout East Africa, trading in other commodities such as slaves, cloves, and textiles, but ivory was the most lucrative and highly prized commodity. The ivory trade in Zanzibar was complex and involved a range of actors, including local traders, Indian and Arab merchants, European middlemen, and Indian agents. The trade was also linked to broader economic and political developments in the region, including the expansion of European colonialism, the rise of the Indian subcontinent as a global economic power, and the emergence of new trading centers in East Africa.
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zanzibar slavery - 1 views

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  • cinderellaochu on 08 May 23
     
    This image is not opening and you did not provide annotations.
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Hostage to Cloth_ European Explorers in East Africa 1850-1890.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sez6j ''pregan'' ''Nkosi'' ''222019780'' ''History2A ''
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  • Prior to 1830, foreign merchants little ventured into the interior of East Africa. Arab and Indian traders,
  • brought to the shores of East Africa by favorable monsoon winds from at least the 10
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Most of them saw Africa as a source of material and they exploited material and exported good or rather resources from Africa
  • goods. Responding to the growing and changing demands of international trade, they gathered and
  • ...11 more annotations...
  • ferried gold, ivory, slaves, grain, aromatics, and other stuffs to the coast – and to Portuguese posts in the
  • Zambezi (Alpers 1975, Rockel 2006). Responding to their own economic and social needs and desires,
  • favor
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Portuguese explorers seized and abused African resources, exploited the African and engaging in slave trades. Enslaving Africans to their continent so that they can benefit while using and exploiting them for hard labour.
  • these caravans from the interior came to favor partners and ports capable of supplying the types of cloth
  • and other goods they sought, shifting their routes accordingly.
  • From the late eighteenth century, various factors pushed and pulled foreign merchants to increasingly
  • leave the comforts and safety of East Africa’s coasts and venture inland. In the first instance, Omani
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Portuguese exlplorers settled in east Africa before seizing and establishing colonies in other African states howerver the moved from the east african countries to other african countries such as mozambique because they saw more resources in that state and therefore proceded to colonise the state
  • For travelers to even begin trading for food and services, cloth outlays of a different sort altogether were
  • territories
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      So since the local leaders required gifts before they allowed entry to their territories, explorers provided those gifts because they knew that they would benefit more resources from African countries.
  • European interest in the area shifted from free trade to territorial colonialism and the Scramble for
  • Africa began in earnest. Already by 1885 Germany had landed troops in today’s Tanzania, while
    • pregannkosi
      pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The European explorers took advantage that Africans were not skilled as they were so they used this opportunity to colonize African countries or rather states.
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Ivory Trade - 2 views

geography.name/ivory-trade 222058834 History 2A
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  • For centuries ivory—the material of elephant tusks—was one of the most sought-after luxury items from Africa. A brisk ivory trade developed in ancient times, linking hunters deep within the continent to markets around the world. By the 1980s elephants had been hunted nearly to extinction, and most nations banned the ivory trade.
  • Despite vigorous trade in other regions, East Africa remained the world's chief supplier of ivory. Business flourished in ZANZIBAR and MOZAMBIQUE, where merchants exported tusks to western India and other markets.
  • By the late 1700s East Africa's vast ivory network reached as far inland as the Congo Basin. Some local peoples specialized in hunting elephants and transporting their tusks to the coast.

ZULU WAR - 5 views

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Kenyan History: The European Invasion! (1890 - 1930) [African History] - YouTube - 0 views

youtu.be/afHFNVZZ-7U ''Pregan'' ''222019780'' ''History2A''
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  • pregannkosi on 26 Apr 23
     
    The european invension in Kenya east Africa, the colonization of Kenya.
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Further Correspondence Respecting Portuguese Claims on the River Congo - Document - Nin... - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do Jabulani Ngubani
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  • ,had numerous stations scattered along the coast from Ambrizette in the south to Ponto Banda north. At each of these we had depots of goods, which I visited regularly in turn, collecting the produce of the country, and giving in exchange all descriptions of British goods. Rum, gunpowder, and guns formed about "one-third of the total business transacted ; we traded up the rivers as far as they were navigable
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PThe_Last_Slave_Market_Dr_John.PDF - 0 views

diigo.com/0sezg2 Nobukhosi Ncube 222084403
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  • khosifaith on 26 Apr 23
     
    The Last Slave Market: Dr John Kirk and the Struggle to End the African Slave Trade. Alastair Hazell. Constable. [pounds sterling]16.99. [xii] + 352 pages. ISBN 978-1-84529-672-8. This is an enthralling account of the slave trade in Zanzibar in the nineteenth century and of the attempts of one man. Sir John Kirk, to end it. Kirk had been part of Livingstone's explorations in the 1860s and had had troubled relations with the great man. Where they agreed was in their opposition to slavery and the continuing trade in Africa, centred in Zanzibar and still flourishing in the 1870s. Using surviving MSS the author traces John Kirk's involvement with Livingstone, who could be difficult, to say the least, from the doomed Zambesi expedition. He then moves to Kirk's return to Africa in 1866, this time to Zanzibar as medical officer at the British consulate. The island was governed by the Mohammedan Sultan who benefited financially from the slave trade. Through a mastery of the trade's economics and through personal bravery Kirk was able to implement British policy to end the trade. He also helped Livingstone in his latest adventure and suffered at the hands of the egotistic missionary and the equally egotistic journalist, Stanley. While Kirk's work did not totally end the slave trade in East Africa--this only occurred in the 1890s--it was a major step forward. In this book we have not only the rehabilitation of a man who has been too frequently put into Livingstone's shadows but an account of the African slave trade seen at first hand by one who worked to end it.

ZULU WAR - 2 views

diigo.com/0sezhm K.N MNCWANGA 222181693
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Ivory Trade in East Africa | AfricaHunting.com - 1 views

www.diigo.com/...31e5 Lindokuhle Ntseare 222011098 History2A
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  • ntsearelr on 26 Apr 23
     
    source: Africa hunting online This is a depiction of ivory being transported via the caravan routes

BKOCQB024623611.pdf - 2 views

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The Development of the Manufacturing Sector in South Africa.pdf - 0 views

diigo.com/0sezm6 Hlulani Makumbani
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  • The South African experience suggests that industrialization that takes place behind protective barriers can be more robust than conventional economists admit, and that public sector investment can be efficient and spur growth. It suggests as well that economic growth based on labor repression limits the extent of industrial development by reducing domestic aggregate demand and antagonizing workers. From 1925 to 1973, the government of South Africa pursued an active policy of import substitution to stimulate domestic manufacturing and state investment in key sectors. Industrialization in South Africa was generated by a symbiotic relationship among the state, state corporations, and the mining sector with the creation of huge stateowned corporations, protection of domestic industries, provision of a guaranteed local market for new industries, and state repression of labor. Industries also benefited from a ready pool of funds from minin
    • hlulani
      hlulani on 26 Apr 23
       
      The development of the manufacturing sector in South Africa falls under the exploration of Africa because it is all about the history of discovering new cultures.

Zulu war - 1 views

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Missions and missionaries.Jstor.pdf - 1 views

diigo.com/0sezpx Mpilo Sibisi
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  • mpilosibisi on 26 Apr 23
     
    This is a journal from JSTOR which talks about how big missionaries were in history, it also talks about how they came in big numbers. It talks of the different roles of the missions and missionaries in their various locations. This journal also shows that, although some of the Catholic missionaries were not successful, this did not stop them from developing further. This journal also shows that despite all the wars took place during the time, Catholic missionaries still served their purpose
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