THE EAST AFRICAN IVORY TRADE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
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The East African Ivory Trade in the Nineteenth Century.pdf - 2 views
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It is mentioned in the first accounts of geographers and travellers, and they give it more prominence than the slave-trade.
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THE East African ivory trade is an ancient one.
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It may have been the search for ivory which brought the first ships around Cape Guardafui, and then southwards along the East African coast.
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uring the Portuguese domination of the coast
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This statement here shows and proves how prominent and fast growing the ivory trade was compared to the slave trade in Eastern Africa.
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Reference to the export of ivory from the East African coast continues throughout the early and later middle ages
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Masudi, writing in the early 10th century says that elephants were extremely common in the land ofZinj, and that it was from this country that large elephant tusks were obtained:' Most of the ivory is carried to Oman whence it is sent to India and China'. Marco Polo refers to the East African coast and states: 'they have elephants in plenty and drive a brisk trade in tusks'. 2
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This statement here proves or shows how the ivory was obtained and traded in Eastern Africa.
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By the second century A.D. the coast, as far as 10° S., was 'subject under some ancient right to the sovereignty of the power which held the primacy in Arabia', and Arab merchants were exporting ivory from it in great quantit
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from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, ivory continued to be an important export;
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it receives more mention in Portuguese records than does the slave trade.
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In the sixteenth century 30,000 lb. of ivory passed through the port of Sofala yearly.
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East African ivory is soft ivory and is ideal for carving. It was in keen demand in the Orient because of its superior quality and because it was less expensive than that from south-east Asia. But in addition to the markets of the East, East African ivory was much sought after in Europe for the large ivory carving centres which had grown up in southern Germany and in the Low Countries during the Middle Ages, and which supplied large numbers of religious reliquaries and artistic novelties for Christian Europe.
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But it was in the nineteenth century that the great development of the East African ivory trade took place
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An
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increased demand for ivory in America and Europe coincided with the opening up of East Africa by Arab traders and European explorers, and this led to the intensive exploitation of the ivory resources of the interior. Throughout the nineteenth century, East Africa ranked as the foremost source of ivory in the world; ivory over-topped all rivals, even slaves, in export value, and it
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retained this position right up until the end of the century.
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The ivory trade was lucrative, and the Masai, despite their vaunted aloofness, were eager to share in it, and strove to drive the Waboni tribe from the southern bank of the Sabaki River, so that they could gain access to the port of Malindi with their ivory
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This is a journal article derived from Cambridge through JSTOR and annotated as pdf.
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File:CHURCH OF SCOTLAND MISSION'S CHURCH AT BLANTYRE (MALAWI).jpg - Wikimedia Commons - 1 views
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File:CHURCH OF SCOTLAND MISSION'S CHURCH AT BLANTYRE (MALAWI).jpg From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository
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Blantyre | Malawi | Britannica - 1 views
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Blantyre, city in Malawi and seat of the country’s judiciary. It lies in the Shire Highlands, in the southern part of the country. Blantyre lies at an elevation (3,409 feet [1,039 metres]) that moderates the tropical climate. It has a rainy season (December to March), a cool season (April to August), and a hot season (September to November).
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Blantyre was founded in 1876 as a Church of Scotland mission station and was named after explorer David Livingstone’s Scottish birthplace.
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In 1878 it became the base of the African Lakes Company, a Scottish firm, which laid the foundation for its later importance as a major commercial and distribution centre
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By World War I, Blantyre’s population included significant numbers of Africans from neighbouring districts and South Asian traders, adding to the town’s vibrancy.
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The Blantyre mission brought about the spread of Christianity in Africa as a whole all the way to some Asian countries
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n 1956 Blantyre was united with Limbe, a town 7 miles (11 km) to the east that had been founded in 1909 and had grown around the headquarters of the Malawi (then Nyasaland) Railways. The amalgamated city is sometimes called Blantyre/Limbe. It has two cathedrals and the polytechnic and medical campuses of the University of Malawi.Blantyre is Malawi’s chief commercial and industrial centre. Light industries include shoe manufacturing, corn (maize) milling, brewing, soft-drink production, baking, printing, and tobacco manufacturing. While Blantyre acts as the regional shopping and administrative centre, Limbe is the centre for wholesale commerce, conducted mainly by the South Asian community, and the headquarters of Malawi’s tobacco auctions. Pop. (2008) city, 661,444.This article was most recently revised and updated by
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God, missionaries and race in colonial Malawi.pdf - 1 views
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missionaries 19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew
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The organisation of the book and the topics that are covered in this book are both reflective of Englund’s previous work in Africa and specifically in Malawi, where he has conducted research on a variety of topics and themes, including human rights, democracy, identities, vernacular languages and literature, and the public role of Christianity. Visions for Racial Equality integrates theology with discussions of identities, equality and human rights. The book describes the socio-political environment of 19th-century Malawi, the establishment of missions, the prejudice that Europeans held towards Africans and the controversies that ensued due to inter and intra-ethnic warfare.
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in 19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
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19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
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19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
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19th-century Malawi (Chapter 2): this arose when a travelogue published in 1880 by Andrew Chirnside, The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with
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The Blantyre Missionaries: Discreditable Disclosures, exposed a criminal and social justice system adopted by the Blantyre Mission whereby Africans were punished with lashings, and at least one African was flogged to death. 2 Meanwhile, others were imprisoned, where they would spend days without food. Against this background, Englund unravels the unique position adopted by Scott, one that resisted conformity to established practices and procedures. Of course, this caused friction among missionaries in the Protectorate and members of the Foreign Committee in his home church in Scotland.
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Meanwhile, others were imprisoned
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Lake_Malawi - 1 views
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This is Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, is an African Great Lake and the sourthenmost lake in the East African Rift system.
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Trade and Transformation Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th Century East and... - 3 views
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Trade and Transformation: Participation in the Ivory Trade in Late 19th-Century East and central Africa
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Ivory ornaments sometimes served as a mark of the expertise and prowess of these hunters, the best documented example of this being Kamba ivory armlets (ngotho). The value of these armlets grew as a result of the increasing scope and intensity of the ivory trade during the 19th century. At the same time, their meaning and uses changed (Kasfir, 1992, 'Trade and p. 323-4). Ivory objects could also be used to create and mark kinship and crmnsforrnation: political ties.
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examples of Ivory Ornaments is jewelry and piano keys that were created from tusks and teeth of animals such as elephants.
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First, ivory had important and widespread political meanings as a sign of authority and an item of tribute. This was frequently expressed in terms of rights to the "ground tusk:' the tusk from the side of the dead elephant that lay on the ground
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Ivory was used for ritual and as sign of power such as motifs used by kings as the property of the royal house, For example the king of Benin kingdom that wears ivory tusk as kings mark.
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Ivory had corresponding uses in regalia and displays of power, both material and ritual
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Second, like the slave trade, the ivory trade strengthened some political leaders and systems, but more often and more significantly it provided new avenues to power and wealth for those lower in the political hierarchies or outside them altogethe
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Third, societies involved in the ivory trade created their own sets of frontiers. These might include areas where ivory was acquired through hunting by members of the society, areas where ivory was acquired through Canadian trade with others, areas where ivory was an established item of tribute and, as Journal of~evelopment it became scarcer, areas where ivory was obtained by taxing or plundering Studies trade caravans.
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As mentioned earlier, ivory could be translated into value both in the sphere of subsistence production and reproduction, and in the sphere of production for trade. In both, it generated a concatenation of status, coercive power and wealth.
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In simple terms ivory was traded for capital which provided platform for different areas to be connected and other people using force to make other people to work unwillingly like slaves. People who are wealthy used their power to dominate others, such as Tippu Tip who included the words like enslaving local people as way of ivory trade and interior development in communities were he referred as barbaric .
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For example, the Maasai, who were important intermediaries in the ivory trade, did not hunt elephants themselves but gained access to ivory through groups of Dorobo and Okiek, sometimes using ties such as marriage and sometimes forcing these hunters to turn over both elephant ivory and hippopotamus teeth for minimal compensation (Wright, 1985, p. 546; Kasfir, 1992, p. 322-3).
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In both the Eastern Congo and Southern Sudan, coercion was an essential feature of the ivory trade in the late 19th century and a notable part of the accom- panying reconfiguration of political and economic structures there.
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Coercion means the threat or force For example when individual is forced to work in plantations against his or her will
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This trade system was also shaped by terms of trade that ran steadily in favour of African ivory exporters during the 19th century, since ivory prices rose while those of manufactured goods such as cloth dropped.
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Ivory trade started dominating trading systems and this favored African continent because ivories came from Africa and the higher the demand of ivory resulted in an increase in ivory prices compared to other items like clothes and salt.
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This allowed for substantial accu- mulation on the part of intermediaries in the trade; it also allowed these inter- mediaries to continue to profit even as their operating costs grew with the increased distance of the ivory frontier from the coast (Sheriff, 1986 and 1987).
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First, through training and example, local people were to be weaned off their "barbarous" practices and introduced to more "civilized" ones, though Page notes the Swahili ambivalence about admitting assimilated Canadian yournal "savages" to positions of equality (1974a, p. 76). This transformation would oj~evelopmenr remove, or at least reduce the primary markers of native "barbarism" - Studies paganism, cannibalism and nakedness
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Local people were supposed to change the way they used to live because according to Tippu Tips they were living a barbarous life compared to his. this transformation will completely change how the local people engaged with their environment because the ideas of ivory trade and development of interior needed to be achieved.
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The second area of transformation involved bringing peace and order to areas where local people would otherwise be fighting each other (Page, 1974b, p. 114).
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The second transformation, was to bring solution to communities were people did not get along, as way of enhancing the transformation. This would make the process easy allowing ivory trade to take place and the possibility of creating routes that lead to the interior, so that ivory market can be established in regions like Manyema. This will result in distance ivory trade.
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In spite of the rhetoric of peace and order, the destruction at the leading edge of Swahili expansion in the Eastern Congo - which involved raids on villages, removal of people and property, confiscation or destruction of food crops, and the spread of small pox - was only slowly followed by the estab- lishment of a new order.
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The third area of transformation involved reorienting communities in the region to produce surpluses of a variety of agricultural products. This included the introduction of new crops such as rice, maize, citrus fruits and various vegetables.
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The third transformation according to Tippu is to introduce agriculture to communities so that they can produce more surplus to be traded because Tippu highlighted that agriculture changed to plantation were slaves worked. This shows that intensive ivory trade resulted in other local people being enslaved to work plantations or to slaughter elephant for ivory to be traded.
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Ivory provided status and livelihood for porters engaged in transporting it. The ivory trade was crucial in the development of long-distance trade routes by peoples in the interior, particularly by the Nyamwezi and the Yao.
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People got rich because of ivory trade and hunters were given respect because they were the one who will provide more horns after slaughtering elephant horn while hunting and this made the to be wealthy by ivory trade.
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Among the Nyamwezi, the carriage of ivory was important in the development of a body of professional porters with particular skills and a work culture that set norms for long-distance caravan transport in the 19th century (Rockel, 1996).
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For porters on the road, ivory could also provide a means for independent enterprise: porters might use their wages or resources provided by their lineage to acquire and trade small amounts of ivory or other goods in addition to the loads for which they were contracted
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this shows that people were involved in ivory trade as way of being independent because by trading ivory they could earn something in return such as status and respect from other local people.
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ivory was the basis of several kinds of transactions at the coast. It was used to discharge the debts of those who traded in the interior and was the basis for the further extension of credit, often in the form of trade goods. It was also the basis for the authority of senior merchants like Tippu Tip, who used it to acquire guns and trade goods, which he would then lend out with interest to "responsible Arabs, in order to start them [in the Journal O,~eve~,,pment business], and also in order to retain authority over them" (Ward, 1891, p. 63)
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NYASSA LAND (GALE).pdf - 1 views
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This is a piece of the newspaper discussing about the difficulties faced by explorers in NYASSA LAND. This is because the lake was important for the means of transportation for people and cargo. Ships which transport cotton, rubber, tobacco, tea, rice and peanuts on Lake Nyasa. Another aspect is Portugal advancements, when the Royal Decree was issued authorising the establishment of a Portuguese mission at Mponda, at the southern end of Lake Nyassa. That claimed territorial sovereignty by Portugal.
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27906028.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Adb4d0250e20cd39e4941... - 1 views
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Great Britain's pointless conflict with the Zulus has come to an end whereby Zulus were fighting over their lands and rights to self-determination.
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Mortality is another term for death. It's the state of being subjected to death.
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Full article: The Relationship between Trade in Southern Mozambique and State Formation... - 4 views
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The characteristic feature of trade during most of the 18th century was its sporadic nature, maintained ever since the establishment of the Portuguese ivory trade in the 16th century. This situation changed during the English and Austrian periods of trade, when ivory was supplied on a far more regular basis because of the involvement of the country trade – a coastal trade in Asia, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and, occasionally, the east coast of Africa, conducted by privately owned merchant vessels.Footnote1515 For discussion of the Bombay country trade, see A. Bulley, Bombay Country Ships 1790–1833 (Richmond, Curzon Press, 2000).View all notes The country trade was a special feature of the English East India Company (EEIC) that allowed either servants or ex-servants of the company to import quantities of certain goods on their own accounts.Footnote1616 Ibid., p. vii.View all notes This practice permitted legitimate private transactions, which generated an income in silver, a strength that the Company exploited. As country ships came to dominate English maritime trade, their business became invaluable to the Company that used the ready cash to pay for its annual tea order from China. And because the EEIC formally permitted their servants to conduct private trade, merchants became stakeholders in the company as a whole.Footnote1717 Ibid.View all notes Trade flourished in the Indian Ocean because traders were given the freedom to explore coasts and take advantage of trade within the terms of their licences.Footnote1818 Ibid., p. 3.View all notes It was under these favourable circumstances that Edward Chandler and his experienced crew made their way to Delagoa Bay with an official licence to exploit the ivory market from 1756. The importance of Chandler’s country trade was his access to capital with which to maintain a supply of a large quantity of trade goods, in particular the brass items that were in high demand in the southern hinterland of Delagoa Bay (see Table 1). Besides the limited political interference displayed by Europeans at this time, the greater level of ivory supply to the coast can be attributed to the ample supply of brass
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With the rise of ivory trade in the 18th century, came exploitation for Africa as the EEIC benefitted more and extracted everything in Africa causing the animals with ivory to become extinct. The limited interference by Europeans was not displayed enough yet the ivory supply attributed to the ample supply of brass.
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The demand for ivory at Delagoa Bay was nothing new and was the reason for the Portuguese trade initiative in 1545. The Dutch, throughout their stay (1721–1730), did everything in their power to stimulate and expand the trade, and yet the supply stayed relatively low and dwindled to nothing when the desired trade goods ran out. The type of trade goods on offer decided the source and volume of the ivory supply. During the Dutch era, ivory traders from the north-west interior in search of dark blue glass beads approached the coast to trade, but because these beads were always in short supply, the ivory trade faltered. Judging by the Austrian inventories, the ivory supply came predominantly from the Nkomati and Maputo rivers.
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Before the 18th century, there was a significant decrease in the selling of the ivory, The Dutch attempted to change the situation but did not succeed. At that time, not a lot of people did not know the value of the ivory and did not know how it could be used hence there was a decline in the sales of ivory.
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By the late 18th century, then, Delagoa Bay had become primarily a refreshment station. It remained so well into the 19th century.Footnote8383 BdJ.L.M.L. Zimba, ‘Overseas Trade, Regional Politics and Gender Roles: Southern Mozambique, c.1720 to c.1830’, PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 1999, Chapter 3, pp. 161–73.View all notes The Tembe had provisioned ships from the 16th century through to the 18th century, and were naturally the group to maintain and expand this dominance over the food trade when whalers started to frequent the Bay.Footnote8484 Chewins, ‘Trade at Delagoa Bay’, p. 127.View all notes The Mfumo, situated on the northern shore, were known for a lack of cultivation (owing to the sandy soil found there), and their reliance on meat, even the ‘gedroogte spiere van hun vijande’, for sustenance.Footnote8585 CA C406 f. 117, ‘the dried flesh of their enemies’, a cynical observation of a disillusioned employee of the VOC, visiting the trading post in 1721.View all notes Cultivation on the northern bank, apart from the Dutch effort to establish a Company garden, was an activity that the Mfumo consistently avoided throughout the 18th century.Footnote8686 The Dutch pointed out the lack of non-cultivation in 1720, see CA C406 f. 117; the observation is repeated in White, Journal of a Voyage, p. 52.View all notes The Tembe side of Delagoa Bay was well suited to agriculture, having dark fertile soil and a higher rainfall than the opposite bank
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The trade in ivory connects to the history of KwaZulu-Natal as it was one of the routes used to deliver the ivory from all the points. The refreshment station was made to accommodate the people who are shipping the ivory from point a to point b.
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Correspondence Relating to the Proceedings of the Blantyre Mission in Eastern Africa - ... - 1 views
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The manuscript in reference is on pages 4 and 5 although this entire document consists on letters regarding the brutalities that took place at the Blantyre mission reported by medical doctors and Mr. Nunez, who decided to publish what they witnessed as soon as they got back to England.
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Focus - Pages 4 & 5 Letter on the ill treatment of natives by The members of the Blantyre mission society. The writer of the letter addresses concerns by various visitors and medical practitioners who happened to visit Blantyre and witness the brutalities committed the the church members. Although the missionaries have goals of -Educating natives -Ministering the love and knowledge of Christ. -Economic development. -Agricultural and civil expansion. We are given the perception this mission in particular are as brutal as many slave trade administrators were.
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PressReader.com - Digital Newspaper & Magazine Subscriptions - 3 views
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fact that the Bible was used to justify slavery.
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The Old Testament patriarchs were all slaveholders. The same apostle Paul who wrote “there is neither Jew nor Greek, bond nor free, male and female, but all are one in Christ Jesus” (Galatians 3: 28) also wrote, on more than one occ a s i o n , “Slaves, obey your masters.”
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important because it highlights the idea of christian manipulation. it shows that the authors of the bible were biggest supporters of slavery.
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, my great-grandfather, Lafayette Banks, who may have been born in slavery, purchased five acres from Sarah Carter Randolph, the former mistress of Round Top Plantation in Albemarle County, Va., for $25 “cash in hand.”
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No family Bible record survives of my family from the 19th century, and I will never know how my great-grandfather felt as he handed over the $25 (his life savings?) to a former slaveholder.
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I take great comfort, however, in a small detail gleaned from the 1920 Census, seven years before his death. In 1891 he signed his name with an X. In 1910 he could read, but not write. In 1920, the census taker recorded that, at age 67, he could read and write.
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this poses a question about who really wrote the bible, and was the person writing the words purely from the sources mouth
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ivory trade in the nineteenth century - Bing images - 2 views
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East Africa, Between the Zambezi and the Rovuma Rivers: Its People, Riches, and Develop... - 0 views
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Evidence showing that the uploaded PDF about this topic is derived from Taylor and Francis.
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