Ivory traders with African workers/slaves surrounded by large piles of Ivory tusks from elephants

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Pre-colonial trade of ivory moving from Southern Africa to Eastern Africa. News Article.

Taylor and Francis Article. Trade of Ivory in East Africa and how it developed, changed political systems and power struggles between Europeans, Arabs and African traders.

JSTOR journal article. Trading in east Africa of ivory. Similarities between Taylor and Francis article and this journal article. Recurring themes: caravan routes, looting of materials to trade for ivory, Zanzibar, Mozambique and Eastern or the basin of Congo, soft ivory, power struggles between Arabs and Europeans, manufacturing goods.

Primary source. Correspondence of ivory being traded in Eastern Africa.