Skip to main content

Home/ University of Johannesburg History 2A 2023/ Group items tagged INNOCENT

Rss Feed Group items tagged

Filter: All | Bookmarks | Topics Simple Middle
fortunatem

Fossil ivory.pdf - 6 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The ivory of ~Iammoth-tusks is an article of trade peculiar to Siberia. Although forming too slight an item to be taken into con- sideration in the statistical returns of the trade of Russia, still, as this ivory formed one of the earliest articles of export from Siberia to China, the few statistics I have been able to collect with reference to this curiosity of commerce may not be without interest.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Siberian traders specialize in trading ivory from mammoth tusks. The few statistics that have been compiled regarding this curious of commerce may not be without interest, even though this ivory formed too small an item to be taken into consideration in the statistical returns of the trade of Russia. In addition, this ivory formed one of the first items exported from Siberia to China.
  • About 40,000 lbs. of fossil ivory (that is to say, the tusks of at least 100 mammoths) are bartered for every year in New Siberia, so
  • hat, in a period of BOO years of trade with that country, the tusks of 20,000 mammoths must have been disposed of, perhaps even twice that number, since only 200 lbs. of ivory is calculated as the average weight produced by a pair of tusks.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Since the average weight produced by a pair of mammoth tusks is only 200 lbs. of ivory, over the course of BOO years of trade with that nation, 20,000 mammoths tusks must have been lost, possibly even twice that amount. Approximately 40,000 lbs. of fossil ivory are traded for annually in New Siberia.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • As many as ten of these tusks have been found lying together in the "Tundra," weighing from 150 to 300 lbs. each; the largest are rarely seen out of the country, many of them being too rotten to be made use of, while others are so large that they cannot be carried away, and are sawn up in blocks or slabs on the spot where they are retold, with very considerable waste, so that the loss of weight in the produce of a tusk before the ivory comes to market is of no trifling afiaount.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Up to ten of these tusks have been discovered lying together in the "Tundra," weighing between 150 and 300 pounds each. The largest of these tusks are rarely seen outside of the country because many of them are too rotten to be used, while others are too large to be transported and must instead be sawn up into blocks or slabs on the spot where they are retold, with a great deal of waste.
  • rge portion of this ivory is used by the nomad tribes in their sledges, arms, and household implements; and formerly a great quantity used to be exported to China,--a trade which can be traced back to a very distant period ; for Giovanni de Plane Carpini, a Franciscan Monk, sent by Pope Innocent IV
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Large amounts of this ivory were once exported to China, in a trade that dates back to a very long time, for Giovanni de Plane Carpini, a Franciscan Monk sent by Pope Innocent IV. He used ivory for his sleds, weapons, and household implements.
  • Entire mammoths have occasionally been discovered, not only with the skin (which was protected with a double covering of hair and wool) entire, but with the fleshy portions of the body in such a state of preservation that they have ai%rded food to dogs and wild beasts in the neighbourhood of the places where they were found.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      Occasionally, entire mammoths have been found, not only with the skin but also with the meaty parts of the body in such a state of preservation that they served as food to dogs and other wild animals in the area where they were located.
  • hey appear to have been suddenly enveloped in ice or to have sunk into mud which was on the point of congealing, and which, before the process of decay could commence, froze around the bodies and has preserved them up to the present time in the condition in which they perished.
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 26 Apr 23
       
      They appear to have been unexpectedly wrapped in ice or to have fallen into mud that was about to freeze, this prevented the bodies from decomposing by freezing around them and has kept them preserved to this day in the same state in which they died.
diegothestallion

The Ivory Trade and Political Power in Nineteenth-Century East Africa | SpringerLink - 11 views

link.springer.com/...978-3-030-42595-1_9

222058834 History 2A

shared by diegothestallion on 06 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • The Ivory Trade and Political Power in Nineteenth-Century East Africa | SpringerLink
  • Elephants from the East African interior were the innocent victims of their region’s increased connections to oceanic commerce during the nineteenth century. Americans, Europeans, and South and East Asians all demanded East African ivory in increasing quantities over the time-period, and elephants were killed to fuel their demand.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      The more ivory was demanded ,the higher elephant were killed to meet the required demanded ivories and to expand the ivory trade further.
  • This was part of a process through which ivory ceased being an object reserved for elites and became consumed by a wider stratum of society in the form of, for example, billiard balls, piano keys, and bangles.Footnote 1 Ivory’s increased commodification divorced elephants from most pre-existing cultural or symbolic associations that East Africans had of them, especially around prominent trade routes.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      This sentence provide examples of product that were produced using ivory, Namely Piano Keys and billiard ball. This are product produced using soft ivory that was found in East Africa
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • Elephants from the East African interior were the innocent victims of their region’s increased connections to oceanic commerce during the nineteenth century. Americans, Europeans, and South and East Asians all demanded East African ivory in increasing quantities over the time-period, and elephants were killed to fuel their demand.
  • elephants were hunted throughout East Africa since before the nineteenth century and elephants continued to survive in sheltered locales throughout the region, including in regions where ivory traders were long-known to frequen
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      THIS SHOWS THAT EAST AFRICAN ECONOMY DEPEND MOSTLY IN IVORY TRADE BECAUSE ELEPHANT HUNTING DID NOT START IN 19TH CENTUARY BUT IT WAS TAKING PLACE BEFORE THAT, BUT DID NOT INTENSIFY COMPARED TO 19th CENTUARY.
  • South Asia was a major market for East African ivory by sometime in the seventh or eighth centuries and it was imported into China during the Song dynasty (960–1279).
  • Firstly, elephant hunters used and displayed ivory throughout the period, even though the demographic who comprised the primary elephant hunters shifted. During the first half of the nineteenth century, most East African elephant hunters were members of secret societies or part of age-grade systems that brought boys into manhood.
  • Elephant hunters also displayed and used ivory and other elephant products to distinguish themselves from other members of the population. Burton, for example, noted that Gogo ivory hunters’ wore ‘disks and armlets of fine ivory’ in 1858.
    • diegothestallion
      diegothestallion on 26 Apr 23
       
      THIS IS WHERE IVORY WAS USED AS A RITUAL TO SYMBOLISE THEIR BELIEVE OR TO BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY EACH OTHER IN IVORY MARKET OR IN OTHER COMMUNITIES.
  • The patterns of ivory consumption in nineteenth-century East Africa indicate that it became a product that was increasingly tied to chiefly status. Control of its distribution and trade were the functions of chiefs.
  • The importance of the ivory trade to political power in East Africa’s coastal and island regions has been interpreted though alternate dynamics to its importance in the interior. On the coast, access to and control of the ivory trade is often linked to understandings of the power dynamics between Omani and Rima populations.
  • In the interior, meanwhile, it has been seen to shape the relationships between pre-existing chiefs, rising militarised chiefs, and coastal traders.
  • The global ivory trade was increasingly integral to the construction of political power in nineteenth-century East Africa. In the interior of this region, chiefs, state-builders, warlords, and prominent traders sought control of ivory and its trade to buttress their political authority, symbolically, economically, and militarily.
  • This divergence was tied to East Africa being a global supplier rather than a consumer of ivory. Within East Africa itself, though, few members of the general populace sold ivory directly to the global market.
  • ujhistprof on 07 Mar 23
     
    Hi Micaela Will you edit your tag as follows: "Michaela Pillay" - use the inverted commas to make your name one tag. Thanks, Natasha
khosinxele

Science Magazine.pdf - 0 views

shared by khosinxele on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • anzania and Zambia are petitioning the Conv
  • on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) to “downlist” the conservation status of their elephants to allow sale of stockpiled ivory. But just 2 years after CITES placed a 9-year moratorium on future ivory sales ( 1), elephant poaching is on the rise
    • khosinxele
      khosinxele on 26 Apr 23
       
      This means that these 2 countries requested that their elephants' protected classification be lowered so that stockpiled can be sold to be jeopardize.
  • With illegal wildlife trade in all species worth
    • khosinxele
      khosinxele on 26 Apr 23
       
      They contributed into unlawful trading in other to make more money using innocent species.
  • ...17 more annotations...
  • tens of billions of dollars annually (
  • (ii) adequate controls on exploitation that can
    • khosinxele
      khosinxele on 26 Apr 23
       
      Species were used for their own selfish gain to they will go overboard to utilize the freedom of these animals just to get what they want.
  • impacts the integrity of ecosystems and their
    • khosinxele
      khosinxele on 26 Apr 23
       
      This even affected the community, the environment well-being due to dropping of keystone species.
  • Recent work strongly suggests that poaching is reducing Africa’
    • khosinxele
      khosinxele on 26 Apr 23
       
      Elephant poaching was actively taking place in various sites across Africa's continent in year 2007. sales made to countries like Namibia and Botswana and all the way to China.
  • 2, 12). Recent PIKE values are unavailable
  • moratorium
    • khosinxele
      khosinxele on 26 Apr 23
       
      Moratorium: Is a temporary prohibition of an activity.
  • and transit countries for, Africa’s illegal ivory ( 3, 4). China and Japan, the only two approved importing countries, are also among the three largest
  • CITES in 1997 to assess poaching rates on a continental scale, is unable to deliver data relevant to the causality mandate ( 12– 14). With no reliable
  • for western Tanzania, where illegal killing of elephants when reported was as high as or
  • record levels of 88% in 2008 (
  • 12). Monitor
  • in 2002, 2006, and 2009 (
  • sample sizes limiting interpretation.
  • 2). Zambia and Tanzania were among the most heavily involved in this trade during each peak; they also petitioned CITES to downlist their elephants in those same years. The largest single ivory seizure since the ivory trade ban (6.5 tons in Singapore) in 2002 was shown by DNA analyses
    • khosinxele
      khosinxele on 26 Apr 23
       
      These led to more countries contributing to the illegal of killing Elephants. Ivory in the past years 2002 to 2009 sales kept rising more and more in an unlawful manner.
  • cale of illegal ivory trade demonstrates that most of Africa lacks adequate controls for protection of elephants. The petitioning countries are not succeeding in re
  • In recent years, Tanzania and Zambia have become less transparent about population
  • CITES decision, information on Tanzanian elephant population
lmshengu

Europeans and East Africans in the Age of Exploration.pdf - 3 views

Lwandile Mshengu History 2A

shared by lmshengu on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • nted a
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      yeilded is to give forth or produce by natural process or in return for cultivation
  • y Johann Re
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      johannes Rebmann was agerman missinary, linguist and explorer credited with feats including being the first european ,along with his colleague johann Ludwig krapf to enter africa from the indian ocean coast. in addition he was the first european to find kilimanjaro.
  • on th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is habitational name of british origin that means from the story
  • ...16 more annotations...
  • s too. It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      . It was not just that Europeans now began to arrive in larger numbers, demand more and wanted to stay more
  • ample,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Mtyela Kasanda, better known as King Mirambo, was a Nyamwezi king, from 1860 to 1884. He created the largest state by area in 19th-century East Africa in present day Urambo district in Tabora Region of Tanzania. Urambo district is named after him. Mirambo started out as a trader and the son of a minor chief.
  • Europeans,
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      NYUNGU-YA-MAWE was the exact contemporary and, for a time at least, the ally, of Mirambo-ya-banhu, the famous Nyamwezi war-lord who rose. to power in west-central Tanzania early in the second half of the nine- teenth century.
  • omoted
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Fragmentation most generally means the process of fragmenting-breaking into pieces or being divided into parts. It can also refer to the state or result of being broken up or having been divided.
  • to switch from
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In matrilineal kinship sysytems,lineage and inheritance are traced through a groups female members and children are parts of their mothers and children are parts of their mothers kinship group. in contrast in patrillineal systems group membership is determined through men and children are part of their fathers kinship.
  • In the period of exploration the most notable visitors for the majority of East Africans were not the European explorers so much as other Africans and, more particularly, the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar. By the late 1870s again, it might be argued, some sort of accommodation showed signs of being reached between these traders and many African
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      For the bulk of East Africans, other Africans and especially the Swahili and Arab traders from the coast and Zanzibar were the most famous visitors throughout the age of exploration rather than European explorers. It may be argued that by the late 1870s, some type of accommodation had been made between these traders and many Africans.
  • 'Scientific geography' did, in fact, mean, more than anything, the recording of accurate observations for latitude, longitude and height on the basis of which satis? factory maps could be constructed. In this sense, the 'discovery' of a feature like the source of the Nile was indeed a discovery for it definitively established a scientific fact.
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      In reality, the recording of precise observations for latitude, longitude, and height on which reliable maps could be created were what "scientific geography" really meant. In this sense, the 'finding' of a feature like the source of the Nile was legitimately a discovery because it established a scientific fact.
  • 'scientific geo
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      A geographer is a physical scientist, social scientist or humanist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's natural environment and human society, including how society and nature interacts.
  • appear to have been in the Society mainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individuals may have joined because they considered their continental tours made them explorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthy amateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample. But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen, no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sample being
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      appear to have been in the Societymainly because it was part of the fashionable London scene. Many such individualsmay have joined because they considered their continental tours made themexplorers but it seems reasonable to distinguish as a separate group the wealthyamateur travellers and big-game hunters who constitute 4 per cent of the sample.But much larger than all these groups except the scholars, bulks the servicemen,no less than 47 (23 per cent) of the sammple being naval officcers.
  • out th
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      It is insistent and positive affirming, maintaining or defending as of a right or attribute an aasertion of ownership/ innocence .
  • Clements Markha
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sir clements Robert Markham was an english geographer , explorer and writer.He was secretsry of the royal geographical society between 1863 and 1888 and later served as the society's president for a futher 12 years
  • r. There was in fact much more social and political cohesion in East African societies than most explorer
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      IN East African societies africans were more united in terms ofsocial and political than the most of the explores and the explores discovered that when they were there in east africa.
  • Although the British government moved to increase its control over East Africa for reasons that involve much wider considerations, the apparent need to improve law and order provided at least a very powerful justification. Indeed it was a necessary part of the process by which imperial objects could be achie
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Even if the British government expanded its influence over East Africa for far larger objectives, the seeming need to strengthen law and order served as at least a very strong pretext. In fact, it was a crucial step in the process of achieving imperial goals. Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.
  • precursors. It is much more difficult to attempt an answer to the question of what Africans learned or thought they learned about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa. Obviously, first of all, the explorers' direct social and economic impact was slight. It is true that Captain Speke seems to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by one of the Kabaka's
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Inasmuch as this was the case, the explorers were both the antecedents and forerunners of imperialism.Answering the topic of what Africans discovered or believed they discovered about Europeans during the period of exploration in East Africa is far more challenging. Obviously, the direct social and economic impact of the explorers was little. It is true that according to the CMS Archives, Captain Speke appears to have fathered a daughter in Buganda by a Kabaka sister.
  • Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke, for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to be taken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable ally for one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera; in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971). Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who, unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, did frequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabs in 1
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Krapf was in a weak position and could not be more than a pawn but Speke,for example, had too large a following of reasonably well-organized porters to betaken entirely for granted. It was therefore possible for him to be a desirable allyfor one side or the other in the war between the Tabora Arabs and Mnwya Sera;in the event, he tried to mediate in the dispute with some effect (Bridges, 1971).Stanley, who had an even more formidable caravan on his expeditions, and who,unlike all the other explorers, showed a willingness to act in a ruthless way, didfrequently intervene as, for instance, in the war between Mirambo and the Arabsin 1
  • European explorers could, then, have a noticeable political effect although generally only in the short term. In the longer term, their special characteristics probably operated in different and less easily described ways. Early European visits to Buganda were marked by great questionings of the explorers on the place of Man in Society and in t
    • lmshengu
      lmshengu on 26 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, European explorers could have an impact on politics, albeit usually in the short term. Their unique traits likely functioned in distinct and harder-to-describe ways over a longer period of time. Early European excursions to Buganda were distinguished by intense inquiries about the role of man in society and in the world.
nsndzimande

September 1874 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Noluthando Ndzimande

shared by nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Sir Bartle Frere having accomplished the grand work of abolishing slavery
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Once again this proves that David Livingstone was a noble man and he despised slavery, probably because it went against everything he believed in as a religious man.
  • Dr. Livingstone
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr Livingstone was a physician, a Christian missionary, and a well known explorer of Africa. He spent 3 decades exploring the African continent, and in the 1950s he became known as the first European to cross the African continent. He is also known for his discovery of the Victoria falls. Despite the history of Africans and Europeans, Dr Livingstone strongly believed that Africa had a good chance of being progressive.
  • Manyema,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Manyema tribe originated from the place referred to in the modern day as eastern Congo and they were feared by many because of how powerful and warring they were. The way Livingstone describes this tribe shows how intimidated he was and this further demonstrates how his mission was not to destroy the Africans.
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • Lord Stanley
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Henry Marton Stanley is well known for locating Dr Livingstone during his voyage in Africa.
  • Ujijian traders carrying 18,000 lbs. weight of ivory, bought in this new field for a mere trifle, in thick copper bracelets and beads
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      During this century guns were a form of currency and they were also a measure of economic standard. Africa has always been known for its richness in resources, therefore they would trade their resources, such as ivory as mentioned above, and in return they would receive guns.
  • Garden of Eden, in the Book of Genesis.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      A reference to the Bible is made which relates to Christianity, one of the mains reasons why he came to Africa.
  • Sultan of Zanzibar.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      A sultan is a Muslim supreme ruler/ monarch.
  • Ujiji
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This is a historic town land it is the oldest town located in Western Tanzania. This is the town where David Livingstone and Henry Marton Stanley met and amemorial was constructed to honour that event.
  • r ictoria Falls
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He is known as the first person to discover the Victoria falls.
  • My reasons for the opinion that it is the river of Egypt are the great length of the watershed, which certainly is that of South-Central Africa. It stretches from west to east, a vast elevated bar, across at least two-thirds of the entire continent, while I observed the sources of the Congo arising from a com¬ paratively short piece of it, which it shared with the Zambezi on its south. In the same journey that I travelled across the sources of the Congo and Zambezi,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This proves that he actually crossed the African continent as he seemed very knowledgeable about it. He was indeed the greatest African explorer.
  • cannibals
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      They attained this label beause of their brutality and because they were literal eaters of flesh.
  • Africans are not unreasonable, though smarting under wrongs, if you can fairly make them understand your claim to innocence and do not appear as having your " back up."
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how David Livingstone saw Africans as normal people, he did not belittle them or view them in a dehumanising manner.
  • Two English guns in the box are surely not too much for his virtue.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows how valuable guns were during this age, they were a high currency. Explorers traded resources which were they had in abundance in their ethnic countries, these were traded to obtain resources they wanted. This was a barter trade of some sort.
  • Arabs
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      They resided along the coast of Tanzania.
  • Sir Bartle Freie
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was the imperial administrator of Zanzibar meaning he worked for the British colony. David Livingstone may have been "different" from other Europeans in terms of how they viewed Africa and her people, but that did not strip his European "benefits" away.
  • Nile valley,
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The Nile is known as the longest river in Africa. It is called the father of African rivers.
  • I. too, have shed light of another kind, and am fain to believe that I have performed a small part in the grand revolution which our Maker has been for ages carrying on, by multitudes of conscious, and many unconscious, agents, all over the world.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      He believed that his objective for travellin/ exploring was in progress and he had achieved a good portion of it.
  • The women here were particularly outspoken in asserting our identity with the cruel strangers. On calling to one vociferous lady who gave me the head trader's name, just to look if he and I were of the same colour, she replied with a bitter little laugh, "Then you must be his father."
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Europeans were known by the Africans mostly for all the wrong reasons, they were known as the oppressors. David Livingstone was rather different to the description of Europeans, but this must have been hard for Africans to believe because of the suffering they had endured at the hands of the Europeans. The comparison of Livingstone to the head trader is a demonstration of how the Africans saw all Europeans, as the presecutors.
  • and I had a sore longing to finish my work and retire.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone came to Africa to as a missionary, he was teaching about Christianity. He faced a number of challenges during his time of work, but he pesevered.
  • Bambarre
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      In the modern time, this place is well known for the letter written by Dr Livingstone when he was there.
  • This 1 name after good Lord Palmerston. Near it rises the Lunga, which farther down is called Luenge, and still further off Kafue or Kafuje, I would name it Oswell's fountain.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      The fountains obtained names with religious meaning behind them which proves that he was a man of religion and he was there to teach about Christianity. Palmerston can be translated to pilgrim, which is defined as an individual who voyages to a place of sacredness for religious purpose. When directly translated Oswell means God's power. During his journey he witnessed might have witnessed God's power through the beauty of nature all around him.
  • an irritable eating ulcer fastened on each foot, and laid me up for five months.
    • nsndzimande
      nsndzimande on 26 Apr 23
       
      These are some of the challenges he faced as a missionary and explorer in Africa. The way he sympathises with the slaves represents how he felt about slavery, it was inhumane.
1 - 8 of 8
Showing 20▼ items per page