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stephknox24

Study Proves: Peace Education Promotes Readiness for Peaceful Conflict Settlement - Com... - 0 views

www.uni-heidelberg.de/...209_friedenspaedagogik_en.html

peace_education

shared by stephknox24 on 13 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • stephknox24 on 13 Mar 11
     
    ntists from Heidelberg University investigate effectiveness of educational projects in crisis areasPeace education work in crisis and conflict areas actually does help to make hostile groups more peaceable in their attitudes towards one another. Compared with persons who have not taken part in such programmes, participants in so-called peace-building education projects in countries with armed conflicts differ often distinctly in the extent to which they are prepared to envisage peaceful conflict settlement. A research project at Heidelberg University's Institute for Education Studies has demonstrated that this is the case. Headed by Prof. Dr. Volker Lenhart, the scientists questioned almost 1,600 people in seven countries featuring earlier or ongoing armed conflicts, such as Afghanistan, Sudan or Israel/Palestine.
Teachers Without Borders

UN calls for better protection from attacks on schools « World Education Blog - 0 views

efareport.wordpress.com/...ection-from-attacks-on-schools

Education Under Attack report UN violence schools conflict

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 04 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • A new UN report supplies further evidence of the disturbing trend towards attacks on schools that we documented in the 2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report, The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education.
  • The annual report of the Secretary-General’s Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict, released on May 11, finds that an increasing number of armed forces in conflicts around the world are deliberately attacking schools or forcing them to close. Attacks against schools and hospitals were reported in at least 15 of 22 conflicts that were monitored.
  • Radhika Coomaraswamy, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative, stressed that schools must always be safe places of learning for children. “They should be zones of peace. Those who attack schools and hospitals should know that they will be held accountable,” she said.
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  • The report contains detailed information on violations against children in Afghanistan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, India, Iraq, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nepal, Occupied Palestinian Territories/Israel, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, Sri Lanka, the Sudan, Southern border provinces of Thailand, Uganda and Yemen.
  • Teachers Without Borders on 04 Jun 11
     
    A new UN report supplies further evidence of the disturbing trend towards attacks on schools that we documented in the 2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report, The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education.
Teachers Without Borders

Conflict takes a huge toll on education « World Education Blog - 0 views

efareport.wordpress.com/...takes-a-huge-toll-on-education

conflict education EFA UN

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 01 Jun 10 - Cached
  • Children and education systems are often on the front line of violent conflict. Of the world’s 72 million children who don’t attend school, about one-third live in only 20 conflict-affected countries.
  • The report will also explore the role of inappropriate education in fostering conflict and explore ways that education can be a force for peace, social cohesion and human dignity.
  • Save the Children, which in 2006 launched its campaign Rewrite the Future to get children in conflict-affected countries into school, released a report this month called The Future is Now, which points out that “civilians now make up more than 90% of casualties in the world’s conflicts and about half of those are children.”
stephknox24

Factors that Promote Implementation of Peace Education Training - 0 views

jspc.library.wisc.edu/...article6.html

shared by stephknox24 on 22 Dec 10 - No Cached
  • What factors influence whether or not teachers trained in peace education actually teach about peace?
  • It involves getting the adult students to express their concerns about violence in their lives, presenting an analysis of different peace strategies, and arguing that teaching about alternatives to violence is an effective way to deal with the threats of violence both in schools and in the broader community.
  • The objectives of the course are to explore the role of violence in the lives of students, to consider the effect of violence upon educational practices, to examine how peace education can help deal with violence, and to provide examples of peace education activities and curricular ideas.
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  • The main hypothesis of this study is that theoretical knowledge about violence and nonviolence is not enough to motivate teachers to become peace educators. They need further support, either in their personal or professional lives, to pick up this new curricular area.
  • Lantieri and Patti say that coaching and practice are key components in whether or not teachers used the peace education material in which they received training:
  • to mentor their development as peace educators.
  • district-wide support
  • peace education should not just be an add on used by a few teachers, but rather should involve all levels of the school.
  • teacher training
  • A supportive administration
  • rganization siz
  • specific characteristics of the program, school-based factors and community support.
  • Much training in peace education comes from outside consultants and is limited. As a result educators are not trained in conflict resolution as extensively as they are in subject areas, so that they may feel insecure about pursuing it in their classes.
  • if the participants in this study find that peace education provides immediate benefits, they are more likely to incorporate into their educational practices.
  • he presence of a supportive administrator is the most important ingredient in whether a particular innovation gets adopted
  • personal friendships and kinship ties provide support for these individuals to become peace educators.
  • One course alone will not begin to make a peace educator.
  • From these responses it can be concluded that knowledge of subject matter is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for peace education curriculum reforms. Professional educators also need personal and professional support for a world view that embraces peace in the midst of a violent culture that glamorizes violence.
  • Family support, feelings of urgency, and professional factors like administrative support and positive school climate help teachers deal with the overwhelming nature of this subject matter
  • How can school leaders provide a climate that supports the use of peace education curricula?
  • The impact of peace education upon students is very hard to assess because students could take years to transfer learning about nonviolence into positive peaceful behaviors. Because of the complex factors that influence human behavior, it is almost impossible to demonstrate that a teacher's activities result in a specific behavior on the part of a student. What this study does show is that teachers feel they benefit from learning about peace strategies and that incorporating peace education reforms has positive benefits for professional educators struggling to deal with problems of violence.
  • stephknox24 on 22 Dec 10
     
    Factors that impact the Implementation of Peace Education Training
Teachers Without Borders

Which countries spend more on arms than primary schools? | News | guardian.co.uk - 1 views

www.guardian.co.uk/...adult-literacy-war-crimes

developing nations teachers education conflict schools report

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 06 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • "When wars break out, international attention and media reporting invariably focus on the most immediate images of human suffering. Yet behind these images is a hidden crisis. Across many of the world's poorest countries, armed conflict is destroying not just school infrastructure, but the hopes and ambitions of generations of children."
  • According to the report's data, 21 developing countries spend more on arms than on primary schools. Meanwhile, only 2% of humanitarian aid goes towards education (with the vast majority of aid requests for education in conflict-affected states left unfulfilled).
  • The consequences are stark. In poor countries affected by conflict: 28 million children of primary school age are out of school (42% of the world's total) a child is twice as likely to die before their fifth birthday (compared with a child born in a poor but stable country) about 30% of the young people aged 15-24 are illiterate (compared with 7% in other poor countries)
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  • But while the Unesco report examines the effects of conflict on education, it criticises donor countries for skewing assistance towards a small group of "strategic" countries while neglecting the world's other equally poor and equally conflict-affected countries. While aid for basic education increased more than fivefold in Afghanistan during the past five years, for example, it stagnated or declined in other conflict-affected countries, such as Ivory Coast.
  • Globally, more children are going to school than ever before but, according to the report, the number of children out of school is falling far too slowly, and progress is far too varied across the different regions of the world.
  • Half-of the world's out-of-school children live in just 15 countries. The largest population of out-of-school children is in Nigeria (8.3 million), followed by Pakistan (7.3 million), India (5.6 million), Ethiopia (2.7 million), and Bangladesh (2 million)
  • In sub-Saharan Africa, about 10 million children drop out of school every year
  • It also points to key capacity gaps – for example, that another 1.9 million teachers will be needed by 2015 to achieve universal primary education
Teachers Without Borders

Education and conflict in Côte d'Ivoire: a deadly spiral « World Education Blog - 0 views

efareport.wordpress.com/...e2%80%99ivoire-a-deadly-spiral

Education Under Attack education violence conflict Cote D'Ivoire EFA UN

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 23 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • The political upheaval in Côte d’Ivoire is taking a heavy toll on education, especially in the north, illustrating starkly the devastating impact conflict can have on learning opportunities – and the vicious circle in which conflict and education can become trapped.
  • A teacher described his school in Abidjan, the commercial capital, as much better than others in the city: “There are around 63 students per teacher – that’s a small class; it’s considered good. But there are no tables, no chairs, sometimes there’s no light. Sometimes students take it in turns to come into the classroom to sit on the few chairs.”
  • This year’s Global Monitoring Report focuses on other ways in which education failures can stoke conflict – such as perpetuating prejudice instead of promoting tolerance, and failing to pass on the skills that children need to escape poverty. The report lays out practical steps that governments and the international community can take to make sure that education builds peace rather than fanning the flames of war.
Teachers Without Borders

Aid donors get an F for education « World Education Blog - 0 views

efareport.wordpress.com/...-donors-get-an-f-for-education

aid funding development education EFA

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 27 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • This is a war zone. Families in the sprawling camp have lost everything – everything that is except a drive to get their kids an education. In the midst of the most abject poverty, parents have come together to build makeshift classrooms, hire a teacher, and buy a blackboard. Many of the kids work in the afternoon, selling charcoal to pay the $1 fee charged every term. “Being in school is fun – and people with an education can have a better life. I’ll be a doctor,” says David Ichange, aged 12.
  • If every girl in sub-Saharan Africa had a secondary education, it would cut under-five deaths by around 1.8 million. The reason: educated mothers are empowered to demand better health and nutrition provision.
  • Education in conflict-affected states is getting spectacularly short shrift. Humanitarian aid could play a vital role in keeping open opportunities for schooling in communities displaced by violence. Yet education receives just 2% of humanitarian aid – and no sector receives a smaller share of the emergency aid requested in emergency appeals.
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  • Here are the facts. We need around $16 billion in aid to achieve the international development targets in education – targets that donors have signed up for. Currently, aid levels are running at around $4.7 billion and stagnating.
  • The same holds for cutting poverty. If every child in a low income country got into school and left with basic reading skills, the growth effects would lift 171 million people out of poverty. That’s a 12% decline.
  • Of course, some countries in conflict do receive substantial support. Afghanistan gets more aid for basic education than the Sudan, the DRC, Ivory Coast, Central African Republic and Chad combined. But the general picture is one of overwhelming neglect.
  • Yet effective aid on education is an investment in creating the hope and opportunity that makes conflict less likely by breaking the link between poverty and violence. Cutting aid for education is the type of cent-wise, dollar-dumb thinking that the Tea Party has brought to the budget reform table.
  • That $16 billion that we need in aid for education represents just six days worth of what donors spend each year on military budgets. Viewed differently, it’s roughly equivalent to the bonuses dished out to investment bankers in the City of London last year.
  • So, here’s the question. What do you think offers the best value for money? A global education initiative that could put over 67 million kids in school, or a week’s spending on military hardware. Do you really think we get a bigger bang for our buck by funding the indulgences of the team that brought you the crash rather than by financing books and schools that offer millions of kids a way out of poverty – and their countries a route into global prosperity?
Teachers Without Borders

Education doesn't save lives, so why should we care? « World Education Blog - 1 views

efareport.wordpress.com/...ve-lives-so-why-should-we-care

Education Under Attack education violence conflict children

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 23 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • Education is one of the hidden costs of conflict and violence. Almost 750,000 people die as a result of armed conflict each year, and there are more than 20 million displaced people in the world. Violent conflict kills and injures people, destroys capital and infrastructure, damages the social fabric, endangers civil liberties, and creates health and famine crises. What is less known or talked about is how violent conflict denies million of children across the world their right to education.
  • Armed violence often targets schools and teachers as symbols of community leadership or bastions of the type of social order that some armed factions want to see destroyed. Children are useful in armies as soldiers, as well as to perform a myriad of daily tasks from cooking and cleaning to sexual favours. Children need to work when members of their family die or are unable to make a living, and families remove children from school fearing for their lives and security.
  • profound long-term effects of educational losses among those exposed to conflict.
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  • In particular, relatively minor shocks to educational access – even as small as one less year of schooling – can have long-lasting detrimental effects on the children that are out of school, as well as on the human capital of whole generations.
  • But human capital – the stock of skills and knowledge we gain through education and experience – is the backbone of successful economic and social recovery. Ignoring these long-term consequences will endanger any attempts to rebuild peace, social justice and stability.
Teachers Without Borders

UNICEF and partners help educate children displaced by conflict in DR Congo |... - 0 views

www.educationandtransition.org/...placed-by-conflict-in-dr-congo

DR Congo IDPs conflict Education Under Attack UNICEF Education Education in Emergencies

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 07 Jan 11 - No Cached
  • DR Congo, a vast country the size of Western Europe, has been mired in war and political unrest for decades. The United Nations has kept its largest peacekeeping mission here since 1999. It is also the world’s second poorest country, with 59 per cent of the population living below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day.
  • The gross enrolment rate for primary school in DR Congo – that is, the proportion of children of any age who are enrolled in primary school – decreased from almost 100 per cent 30 years ago to 64 per cent in 2005. Gross enrolment for girls today is at 58 per cent.
  • he programme is part of an initiative to place education in emergency and post-crisis transition countries on a viable path in order to achieve quality basic schooling for all children. “The school provides a protective environment,” UNICEF Goma Education Specialist Elena Locatelli said, noting that a few hours spent in the classroom each day also keeps children “occupied with activities that don’t let them think of the difficulties of their past.”
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  • By participating in group activities, children can express themselves and channel their trauma through song, poetry and dance. With this in mind, AVSI has been training teachers to nurture displaced and vulnerable children. The training has produced significant changes in the philosophy and practice of education in Walikale.
  • “In the past, we would whip the children,” said Mr. Zirhumana Muzirhu. “But thanks to the psycho-social training, teachers and schoolchildren are now friends, so we don’t use the whip anymore.” The education-in-emergencies programme is also rehabilitating schools and providing school supplies and recreation kits, so that students can participate in regular activities that are crucial to their physical, mental, psychological and social development. In addition, the programme has provided more than 130,000 children with education kits in conflict-ravaged North Kivu Province in recent years.
  • “I like going to school and hope to finish it, but I’m not sure if another war will break out and make me displaced again,” she said. “My biggest fear is, I don’t know if my children will finish school one day,” admitted her mother.
Teachers Without Borders

Save the Children releases The Future is Now report - 1 views

www.savethechildren.net/...2010-05-11.html

conflict Education Under Attack children school report Save the Children

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 01 Jun 10 - Cached
  • Children and school buildings are increasingly becoming targets in conflicts across the world, warns Save the Children as one of the key findings of a report published today.
  • The organisation finds that the risks of violence to schoolchildren in conflict-blighted areas are on the rise as schools are increasingly used as symbolic, easy targets by armed groups. These risks to children will continue to grow unless the international community takes urgent action to protect them from attack.
  • The report - The Future is Now - points out that civilians now make up more than 90% of casualties in the world's conflicts and about half of those are children. It warns that education is under attack by armed militias, criminal groups and even governments through the bombing of schools and is threatened by military interference in humanitarian work - all of which put children's lives in danger.
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  • Among the most dangerous countries is Afghanistan where between 2006 and 2009 there were 2,450 attacks on schools - in recent weeks, 50 schoolgirls in northern Afghanistan were reportedly left unconscious and sick after poison gas attacks by the Taliban. In the war-torn Helmand and Badghis provinces 80% children are out of school.
  • In Liberia 73%of primary-aged children are out of school. • In Somalia, 81% of school age children have no access to education.
  • They can and must be protected - in Nepal, where schools were being targeted by armed groups, Save the Children's introduction of schools as ‘Zones of Peace' directly led to a rise in attendance.
  • "Children in conflict zones should not have to forgo an education. Their schooling is crucial not only for their personal health and development but for the future peace of their communities - with every additional year of formal schooling, a boy's risk of becoming involved with conflict falls by 20%.
Teachers Without Borders

"Social networking helped me realize my right to education." | Education | United Natio... - 2 views

www.unesco.org/..._realize_my_right_to_education

peace education networking peace_education right to education

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 08 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • Having tried and failed to get support from official channels (embassies, NGOs such as Amnesty International, even the European Parliament), he turned to social networking. The week before he was due to start his studies, Ayman posted an article on his blog called “I have a dream” recounting his difficulties with the Israeli authorities in trying to leave Gaza. “It was non-accusatory,” he explains”. I was just asking for the basic right to pursue an education.” He ended the article with the sentence: “I am appealing and calling lawyers, politicians, journalists and all activists for human rights to join the fight for me and my right to the education that I have always dreamed of.” 
  • “Social networking helped me realize my right to education,” Ayman claims. Following the international mobilization Ayman finally received his permission to travel. He arrived in Spain one week late for class. At the Jaume I University, he is taking several courses on aspects of human rights education, peace education and conflict transformation.  “It is a very healthy environment where I am also being educated in mulitculturality,” he says. “Thanks to these courses I have became more aware about different conflicts taking place around the world.” Ayman also shared first-hand experience with people who have lived in conflict situations. “It assured me that conflicts are the same everywhere, and that humanity is humanity wherever we are.”  
stephknox24

ReliefWeb » Document » The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education - 1 views

www.reliefweb.int/...VVOS-8EJMS7

peace_education armed conflict

shared by stephknox24 on 02 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • stephknox24 on 02 Mar 11
     
    The report, The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education, cautions that the world is not on track to achieve by 2015 the six Education for All goals that over 160 countries signed up to in 2000. Although there has been progress in many areas, most of the goals will be missed by a wide margin - especially in regions riven by conflict.
Teachers Without Borders

Pakistan declares 'education emergency' « World Education Blog - 0 views

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Pakistan education EFA MDGs military spending

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 20 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Kicking off a campaign aimed at making March “the month that Pakistan talks about only two things: education and cricket”, a government commission has painted a damning picture of the country’s education system, whose poor progress towards global learning goals has been documented in the Education for All Global Monitoring Report.
  • the Pakistan Education Task Force says the country “is in the midst of an educational emergency with disastrous human and economic consequences.”
  • The report quotes the 2010 Global Monitoring Report’s finding that “30% of Pakistanis live in extreme educational poverty – having received less than two years of education.”
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  • In a powerful paper on education reform in Pakistan, Sir Michael quotes Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Pakistan’s founder, who said in 1947, “Education is a matter of life and death for Pakistan. The world is progressing so rapidly that without the requisite advance in education, not only shall we be left behind others but we may be wiped out altogether.”
  • The challenge now is to find that political will – the will to turn more words into concrete changes for the 7.3 million Pakistani children who are out of school – the world’s second-largest population of out-of-school children (after Nigeria).
  • As the 2011 Education for All Global Monitoring Report noted, Pakistan spends seven times more on the military than on primary education. One fifth of Pakistan’s military budget would be enough to pay for every child to complete primary school.
Teachers Without Borders

Peace Education - 1 views

escolapau.uab.cat/index.php

peace_education peace education lesson ideas

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 01 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • stephknox24 on 01 Jun 11
     
    The Bank of Resources of Peace Education activities of the School For a Culture of Peace now has 50 activities in English. We invite you to take a look and use them freely! The Resource Bank makes available participative activities (role plays, group dynamics, and other methodologies) on peace education, conflict education, intercultural education and education for international understanding. There are 50 activities posted in English and 100 activities posted in Spanish and Catalan.
  • Teachers Without Borders on 01 Jun 11
     
    Peace education is understood to be "a permanent, continuous, and dynamic process rooted in concepts of positive peace and a creative outlook toward conflict. By focussing on socio-affective and problematizing causes, positive peace aims to develop a new culture of peace which enables individuals to critically discern the reality in which they are immersed and to act upon it …" (Jares, Xesús (1999). Educación para la paz, Madrid: Editorial Popular)
Teachers Without Borders

UNICEF presents key report on challenges and opportunities for education and ... - 0 views

www.educationandtransition.org/...or-education-and-peacebuilding

report peace peacebuilding UNICEF

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 21 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Teachers Without Borders on 21 Mar 12
     
    NEW YORK, 14 February 2012 - Education can play a crucial role in peacebuilding in all phases of conflict, a UNICEF-commissioned study has concluded, outlining how education can help prevent conflict and contribute to long-term peace.
Teachers Without Borders

The Right to Education for Children in Emergencies - 0 views

www.ineesite.org/...derson_Hofmann_Hyll-Larsen.pdf

education Education Under Attack report emergencies Education in Emergencies article conflict children

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 08 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Teachers Without Borders on 08 Mar 12
     
    Abstract   h is paper presents the key international legal instrument relevant for education, their use and  links with policy frameworks and tools being developed by the humanitarian community to  address education rights of children in confl ict and emergencies. It describes the current thinking  around the right to education in emergencies and why education is a central right to uphold  from the onset of a crisis. It gives a brief introduction to how education can meet the international 
Teachers Without Borders

INEE | Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies - 0 views

www.ineesite.org/...know_e-learning_module

inee education emergencies e-learning refugees

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 07 Apr 11 - No Cached
  • Teachers Without Borders on 07 Apr 11
     
    This e-learning module uses the example of the Darfur refugee crisis to demonstrate how the Minimum Standards for Education: Preparedness, Response, Recovery-the foundational tool of the Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE)-can be used as a framework for designing quality education programmes in conflict-induced situations.  Throughout this module, you will watch short video clips, look at photographs, and read relevant articles and reports.  A series of questions will help you understand how the INEE Minimum Standards can be used to improve the quality of education assistance.
Teachers Without Borders

Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack - 0 views

www.protectingeducation.org

Education Under Attack GCPEA education conflict

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 08 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Teachers Without Borders on 08 Mar 12
     
    The Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack is a unique inter-agency coalition formed in 2010 to address the problem of targeted attacks on education during armed conflict.
Teachers Without Borders

Effective policies give children in Angola a second chance to learn  | Back o... - 0 views

www.educationandtransition.org/...ngola-a-second-chance-to-learn

Angola UNICEF ECE education conflict in emergencies reform students

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 08 Oct 11 - No Cached
  • Despite recent economic development, Angola remains a society deeply scarred by the still-recent civil war. The conflict caused massive internal displacement and refugee outflows, along with the collapse or destruction of key agricultural, health, education and transportation infrastructures, limiting the government’s ability to provide basic public services. This has resulted in a series of barriers to children enrolling and remaining in school.
  • Children living in emergencies or post-conflict contexts are often excluded from schooling or start school late. Their educational progress suffers and they lack the necessary tools for learning, leading them to drop out of school.
  • Many of today’s adolescents in Angola were born during the prolonged civil war and missed several years of schooling or never had the opportunity to attend primary school at all. These youth often do not fit in the primary school setting, and classrooms are already crowded with much younger children.
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  • UNICEF’s Accelerated Learning Programme, called Programa de Alfabetização e Aceleração Escolar (PAAE) in Angola, provides a second-chance learning opportunity for literacy, numeracy and life skills for adolescents through a condensed and adapted primary school curriculum, which can be completed in two-and-a-half years rather than the full six years of primary schooling. It thus encourages out-of-school adolescents to complete primary education, come back into the school system and continue to the second level.
  • “The Accelerated Learning Programme is a critical national strategy of the Government of Angola but what is more important is that this strategy is translated into a second chance and a renewal of hope for adolescents, and girls especially, to continue to learn and develop,” said Paulina Feijo, UNICEF Angola, Education Project Officer.
Teachers Without Borders

Annotated Bibliography: Teacher Professional Development in Crisis | INEE Site - 0 views

www.ineesite.org/...essional-development-in-crisis

bibliography professional development teachers Education in Emergencies Education Under Attack

shared by Teachers Without Borders on 14 Nov 13 - No Cached
  • Teachers Without Borders on 14 Nov 13
     
    This annotated bibliography reflects the results from a review of the literature regarding teacher professional development (TPD) in conflict, post-conflict, fragile, and developing contexts.  The scope of the literature includes aspects of TPD such as specific models and approaches, information and communications technologies (ICT), teacher management, theoretical frameworks for strategic TPD, and the impact of TPD on a variety of outcomes. INEE community. To suggest additional articles to be included in the annotated bibliography or for further information, please contact minimumstandards@ineesite.org.  
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