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After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494, the ruling Medici were overthrown and Savonarola emerged as the new leader of the city, combining in himself the role of secular leader and priest. He set up a republic in Florence. Characterizing it as a "Christian and religious Republic," one of its first acts was to make sodomy, previously punishable by fine, into a capital offence. Homosexuality had previously been tolerated in the city, and many homosexuals from the elite now chose to leave Florence.

The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught in nearly all high school and introductory college physics courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics.

Galileo's full name was Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei. At the age of 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.

Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics.

Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475 in Caprese, Italy. When he was 13, he was apprenticed to Domenico Ghirlandaio. It was then that he learned the technique of fresco Michelangelo finished David in 1504. In 1508, he began work on the Sistene Chapel ceiling frescoes, which would occupy him until 1512. In 1534, Michelangelo left Florence for Rome where he stayed for the rest of his life. He died on Feb. 18, 1564.

Leonardo da Vinci was born in 1452. He was an inventor, scientist, engineer, sculptor, musician, mathematician, anatomist, astronomer, geologist, biologist, and philosopher. When da Vinci was in his teens, he was sent to Florence to apprentice as a painter under Andrea del Verrocchio. He quickly developed his own artistic style which marked the beginning of the High Renaissance. Two of da Vinci's more well-known paintings are the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper.

In 1466, at the age of fourteen, Leonardo was apprenticed to one of the most successful artists of his day, Andrea di Cione, known as Verrocchio. Verrocchio's workshop was at the centre of the intellectual currents of Florence, assuring the young Leonardo of an education in the humanities. Other famous painters apprenticed or associated with the workshop include Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Botticelli, and Lorenzo di Credi.[10][13] Leonardo would have been exposed to a vast range of technical skills and had the opportunity to learn drafting, chemistry, metallurgy, metal working, plaster casting, leather working, mechanics and carpentry as well as the artistic skills of drawing, painting, sculpting and modelling.[14][15][16]