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Nicolaus Copernicus was born on 19 February 1473 in a house on St. Anne's Street (now Copernicus Street) in the city of TorunTorun Torun is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River, with population over 207,190 as of 2006, making it the second largest city of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, after Bydgoszcz.... (Thorn). Torun, situated on the Vistula River, was part of Royal PrussiaRoyal Prussia Royal Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Poland from 1466 and then the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1772. Royal Prussia included Pomerelia, Chelmno Land, Malbork Voivodeship, Gdansk, Torun, and Elblag.... , a region of the Kingdom of PolandKingdom of Poland (1385-1569) The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Poland state created by the accession of Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Polish throne in 1386.... .

In 1491 Copernicus enrolled at the Kraków AcademyJagiellonian University The Jagiellonian University is located in Krak?w, Poland. Originally founded as Akademia Krakowska in 1364 by Casimir III of Poland, it is the second oldest university in Central Europe after the Charles University in Prague, and one of the List of oldest universities in continuous operation.... (now Jagiellonian University), where he probably first encountered astronomy with Professor Albert BrudzewskiAlbert Brudzewski Albert Brudzewski, also Albert Blar , Albert of Brudzewo or Wojciech Brudzewski was a Poland astronomy, mathematics, philosopher and diplomat.... . Astronomy soon fascinated him, and he began collecting a large library on the subject. Copernicus' library would later be carried off as war booty by the Swedes during "the Deluge"The Deluge (Polish history) In the history of Poland and History of Lithuania, the Deluge commonly refers to a series of wars in the mid-to-late 17th century which left the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins.... and is now at the Uppsala University LibraryUppsala University Library Uppsala University Library in Sweden consists of 19 different branch libraries, with the largest being that housed in the old main library building, Carolina Rediviva.... .

The city of Granada is placed at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains, at the confluence of three rivers, Beiro, Darro and Genil, at an elevation of 738 metres above sea level yet only one hour from the Mediterrean coast, the Costa Tropical.

The Alhambra, a Moorish citadel and palace, is in Granada. It is one of the most famous items of the Islamic historical legacy that makes Granada a hot spot among cultural and tourist cities in Spain.

In 1228, with the departure of the Almohad prince, Idris, who left Iberia to take the Almohad leadership, the ambitious Ibn al-Ahmar established the longest lasting Muslim dynasty on the Iberian peninsula - the Nasrids.