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Individual-intelligence research, from a neurological perspective, describes the cortex as a medium for performing conceptual abstraction and specification. This idea has been used to explain how motor-cortex regions responsible for different behavioral modalities such as writing and speaking can express the same general concept represented in the cortex. For example, the concept of a dog, abstractly represented in the higher-layers of the cortex, can either be written or spoken about depending on the context. Abstract models in the higher-layers propagate activation patterns down the cortical hierarchy to the desired region of the motor-cortex for worldly implementation. In this paper, the individual-intelligence framework is expanded to incorporate collective-intelligence within a hyper-cortical construct. This hyper-cortex is a multi-layered network used to represent abstract collective concepts. This collective-intelligence framework plays an important role in understanding how collective-intelligence systems can be engineered to handle collective problem-solving. To conclude the paper, five common problems in the scientific community are solved using an artificial hyper-cortex generated from digital-library metadata.

Computational Collective Intelligence (CCI) is most often understood as an AI sub-field dealing with soft computing methods which enable making group decisions or processing knowledge among autonomous units acting in distributed environments. Web-based systems, social networks and multi-agent systems very often need these tools for working out consistent knowledge states, resolving conflicts and making decisions. The aim of this conference is to provide an internationally respected forum for scientific research in the computer-based methods of collective Intelligence and their applications in (but not limited to) such fields as semantic web, social networks and multi-agent systems.

This Handbook provides a survey of the field of collective intelligence, summarizing what is known, providing references to sources for further information, and suggesting possibilities for future research.

Despite significant advancement in technology and tools, building ontologies, annotating data, and aligning multiple ontologies remain tasks that highly depend on human intelligence, both as a source of domain expertise and for making conceptual choices. This means that people need to contribute time, and sometimes other resources, to this endeavor. As a novel solution, we have proposed to masquerade core tasks of weaving the Semantic Web behind on-line, multi-player game scenarios, in order to create proper incentives for humans to contribute. Doing so, we adopt the findings from the already famous "games with a purpose" by von Ahn, who has shown that presenting a useful task, which requires human intelligence, in the form of an on-line game can motivate a large amount of people to work heavily on this task, and this for free.

Systems Biology Linker (Sybil) is a platform for the integration of BioPAX and SBML. It is part of the Virtual Cell but also a useful tool for any SBML and BioPAX integration, in other words for any one who wants to use BioPAX with an SBML-capable platform or vice versa. While Sybil can be used as an intelligent conversion tool between SBML and BioPAX, it is primarily intended for building a joint repository for SBML and BioPAX data, where links between SBML elements and BioPAX objects are maintained by SBPAX. Sybil uses SYBREAM for most of the intelligent work involved in building the SBML-SBPAX-BioPAX joint repository.

Collective Intelligence is a global group of entrepreneurs dedicated to improving the efficiency of social ecosystems and accelerating the flow of capital to good.

In the following, we document the following types of information for behaviors (e.g., group goal setting), phenomena (e.g., team performance), or concepts (e.g., process gain), pathologies (e.g., social loafing), biases (e.g., loss aversion). For each, we list one or more of the following, depending on the richness of available research, listing both theories and empirical evidence where available: * Typology (what is it?) * Origins, mechanisms, mediators (how does it work?) * Issues, pathologies, biases (what are the problems with its workings?) * Determinants, moderators (what affects it, directly or indirectly?)

Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Intelligent Support for Exploratory Environments held in conjunction with the EC-TEL'08 Conference Maastricht, The Netherlands, September 17th, 2008.

ESSENCE: E-Science/Sensemaking/Climate Change is an immersive internet experiment, culminating in a face-face conference. We want to build a collective intelligence resource on the climate change debate. This is analogous to Wikipedia, but decidely not enforcing a "neutral point of view". We are going to put through their paces tools tuned for mapping the key issues, options, arguments and evidence on the different dillemmas - and reflect on how effective the current tools are.

This blog is a place for readers to discuss the beta version of our new book, "Evolving Collective Intelligence" by Douglas C. Engelbart, Valerie Landau, and Eileen Clegg. After reading the beta version, Do you have a quote to contribute? Clarifications on the content? An idea for another essay? Feedback will be input for our improved first edition, in keeping with Doug's philosophy of continuous improvement and collaboration. Please go to the "about" page.

"FINDINGSCollective intelligence has already been proven to work, and CI systems can be designed and managed to fit specific needs.CI building blocks, or "genes," can be recombined to create the right kind of system.Four main questions drive CI "genome" design: What is being done? Who is doing it? Why? How?"

COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE: Creating a Prosperous World at Peace

The Semantic Web is necessary, but not sufficient to provide better technological support for online communities. Web services cannot be described independently of how they are used, because communities of practice use services in novel, unexpected ways. Although semantics are very important to create more 'intelligent' web services, what has been lacking so far is some formal notion of context of use. As Piers Young summarizes it, "that's where the problem of effectiveness starts getting addressed." Contextual elements like the community of use, its objectives and communicative interactions are thus important starting points for conceptualizing the pragmatic layer.

This present report summarizes the insights and recommendations of a symposium on sensemaking, sponsored by the Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence, and held in Vienna, Virginia, on 23-25 October 2001.

Bringing Wisdom to Emerging Technology We are at an amazing and critical juncture in human history. If we continue on our current path, we face many potential disasters: overpopulation, shortages of water, oil, and raw materials, financial instability, disease, terrorism, war, and the destruction of species and ecosystems (eg. see Jeffrey Sachs "Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet"). But the next few decades will also bring advances in science and technology which may dramatically improve our lives. It is remarkable that we are simultaneously on the verge of major revolutions in biology, neuroscience, psychology, artificial intelligence, nanotechnology, and fundamental physics.

This essay discusses the notion of sensemaking, including definitions and possible applications for intelligent decision support systems. The perspectives on the notion of sensemaking are those of psychology, human-centered computing, and naturalistic decision making. The essay discusses a number of myths about sensemaking (for example, that sensemaking is merely "connecting the dots"), showing how empirical evidence about expert decision making refutes the myths.

Bossa is an open-source software framework for distributed thinking - the use of volunteers on the Internet to perform tasks that use human cognition, knowledge, or intelligence.

Cogenz is a hosted social bookmarking service for companies wishing to harness the collective intelligence of their employees using social software in a simple and effective way. Think del.icio.us for the enterprise and you won't go far wrong.

The goal of this twine is to gather relevant information and people around the project of establishing a new adressing layer in cyberspace : semantic space. Semantic space is designed to augment : - semantic interoperability - distributed social semantic computing - exchange of personal and collective interpretation of vast amouts of data - collective intelligence reflexivity

Research funding decisions and research evaluation are currently almost exclusively based on peer-review. Peer-review is well suited to ensure quality, but helps little to achieve impact. ParticipatoryResearch adds the stakeholder dimension to research funding and evaluation. In an ideal world those research projects should get funded which will ultimately benefit its stakeholders most. Individuals (such as peer reviewers) can often hardly realistically access the potential benefit of a certain research proposal. Better results can be achieved by relying on the intelligence of a whole community by employing prediction markets (being the best general institutions we know for aggregating information). In such a prediction market for research ideas stakeholders bet or vote about which research results will benefit them most. The highest-ranked research ideas according to the stakeholder benefit should ultimately get funded.