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Nathan Goodyear

Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis - 1 views

  • Padayatty and colleagues showed that high-level ascorbic acid plasma concentrations could only be achieved by intravenous administration
  • No patient in the low or high dose ascorbic acid treatment arms of this study suffered any identifiable adverse event
  • a pharmacologic ascorbic acid treatment strategy in critically ill patients with severe sepsis appears to be safe
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  • subnormal plasma ascorbic acid levels are a predictable feature in patients with severe sepsis
  • Ascorbic acid depletion in sepsis results from ascorbic acid consumption by the reduction of plasma free iron, ascorbic acid consumption by the scavenging of aqueous free radicals (peroxyl radicals), and by the destruction of the oxidized form of ascorbic acid dehydroascorbic acid
  • Sepsis further inhibits intracellular reduction of dehydroascorbic acid, producing acute intracellular ascorbic acid depletion
  • Ascorbic acid treated patients in this study exhibited rapid and sustained increases in plasma ascorbic acid levels using an intermittent every six hours administration protocol
  • Septic ascorbic acid-deficient neutrophils fail to undergo normal apoptosis. Rather, they undergo necrosis thereby releasing hydrolytic enzymes in tissue beds, thus contributing to organ injury
  • We speculate that intravenous ascorbic acid acts to restore neutrophil ascorbic acid levels
  • Repletion of ascorbic acid in this way allows for normal apoptosis, thus, preventing the release of organ damaging hydrolytic enzymes.
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    Study finds IV vitamin C in patients with sepsis is very safe and blunts the effects (endothelial damage, end organ damage...) of sepsis.  Of note, the IV vitamin C group reached serum levels of ascorbic acid of 1,592 to 5,722 micromol/L.  The IV groups maintained elevated serum C levels for up to 96 hours post infusion.  
Nathan Goodyear

The molecular basis of neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis - 0 views

  • Inflammation is the most predominant feature during the early (relaping) phases of the disease and declines with aging of the patients and disease duration
  • in the process of oligodendrocyte destruction and demyelination in MS lesions iron is liberated from its intracellular ferritin bound stores into the extracellular space, where it is taken up by microglia and macrophages and again stored together with ferritin. When this happens in MS lesions in an environment, where free radicals are produced by oxidative burst, iron can be liberated from ferritin and transformed into reactive Fe++[114], which reacts with hydrogen peroxide to generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals [36] and thus amplifies oxidative damage and associated cellular injury
  • anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory treatments are effective in the relapsing stage, but the benefit is lost when the patients have entered the progressive phase
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  • Inflammation will remain a key target, since the data suggest that microglia activation and oxidative burst is driven by inflammation throughout all stages of the disease.
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    Very nice review of the neurodegenerative process in MS.  
Nathan Goodyear

Multiple Myeloma Tumor Cells are Selectively Killed by Pharmacologically-dosed Ascorbic Acid - EBioMedicine - 0 views

  • Recent reports indicate that a certain ROS concentration is required for high-dose vitamin C to induce cytotoxicity in cancer cells.
  • The generation of ascorbyl- and H2O2 radicals by PAA increases ROS stress in cancer cells
  • In this study, we report that PAA is efficacious in killing MM cells in vitro and in vivo models, which generated levels of 20–40 mM ascorbate and 500 nM ascorbyl radicals after intraperitoneal administration of 4 g ascorbate per kilogram of body weight (Chen et al., 2008Chen et al., 2008), in xenograft MM mice
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  • These data suggest that PAA may show a therapeutic advantage to blood cancers vs solid tumors because of the communication between tumor cells and blood plasma
  • These results strongly suggest that the mechanism of PAA killing of MM cells is indeed iron-dependent
  • These results suggest that PAA administration in SMM may be able to prevent progression to symtomatic MM
  • A recent study by Yun and colleagues demonstrated that vitamin C selectively kills KRAS and BRAF mutant colorectal cancer cells by targeting GAPDH, but spares normal cells
  • RAS family genes show the most frequent mutations in MM. KRAS, NRAS and BRAF are mutated in 22%, 20% and 7% of MM samples
  • the disease stage rather than the mutation of RAS and/or BRAF is the major predictive factor for PAA sensitivity in MM treatment
  • Other molecular mechanisms including ATP depletion and ATM-AMPK signaling have been reported to explain PAA-induced cell death
  • our pilot study also suggested that PAA could overcome drug resistance to bortezomib in MM cells
  • Our findings complement reported studies and further address the mechanism of action using clinical samples in which we observed that PAA killed tumor cells with high iron content, suggesting that iron might be the initiator of PAA cytotoxicity
  • combination of PAA with standard therapeutic drugs, such as melphalan, may significantly reduce the dose of melphalan needed
  • Combined treatment of reduced dose melphalan with PAA achieved a significantly longer progression-free survival than the same dose of melphalan alone.
  • These data also suggest that the bone marrow suppression induced by high-dose melphalan can be ameliorated by the combination of PAA with lower dose of melphalan because of the lack of toxicity of PAA on normal cells with low iron content.
  • if creatinine clearance is <30 mL/min, high dose ascorbic acid should be not administrated.
  • In MM preclinical and clinical studies, ascorbate was used as an adjunct drug and showed controversial results (Harvey et al., 2009, Perrone et al., 2009, Held et al., 2013, Sharma et al., 2012, Nakano et al., 2011, Takahashi, 2010, Sharma et al., 2009, Qazilbash et al., 2008). However, none of these tests used pharmacological doses of ascorbate and intravenous administration
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell neoplasm.
  • Cameron and Pauling reported that high doses of vitamin C increased survival of patients with cancer
  • pharmacologically dosed ascorbic acid (PAA) 50–100 g (Chen et al., 2008, Padayatty et al., 2004, Hoffer et al., 2008, Padayatty et al., 2006, Welsh et al., 2013), administered intravenously, has potent anti-cancer activity and its role as anti-cancer therapy is being studied at the University of Iowa and in other centers
  • In the presence of catalytic metal ions like iron, PAA administered intravenously exerts pro-oxidant effects leading to the formation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in cell death
  • the labile iron pool (LIP) is significantly elevated in MM cells
  • The survival of CD138+ cells in vitro was significantly decreased following PAA treatment in all 9 MM
  • In contrast, no significant change of cell viability was observed in CD138− BM cells from the same patients
  • The same effect of PAA was also observed in the SMM patients
  • no response to PAA was detected in CD138+ cells from the 2 MGUS patients
  • the combination of melphalan plus PAA showed greater tumor burden reduction than each drug alone, suggesting a synergistic activity between these two drugs
  • Both catalase and NAC protect cells from oxidative damage
  • cells pretreated with NAC and catalase became resistant to PAA even at high doses
  • adding deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, to OCI-MY5 cells before PAA treatment was also sufficient to prevent PAA-induced cellular death
  • iron is essential for PAA to achieve its anti-cancer activity
  • PAA induced early necrosis (Fig. 3Fig. 3A, 60 min) followed by late apoptosis
  • results further indicated that PAA induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis
  • PAA by reacting with LIP and generating ROS induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in which AIF1 cleavage is important for cell death.
  • ROS and H2O2 are well known factors mediating PAA-induced cancer cell death
  • PAA was sensitive to all 9 MMs and 2 SMMs
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    animal study finds high-dose, pharmacologic vitamin C found to kill multiple myeloma cells via pro-oxidant effect found in similar studies in dealing with different cancers.
Nathan Goodyear

Acute prooxidant effects of vitamin C in... [Free Radic Biol Med. 2005] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    This study found a pro oxidant effect of the addition of 5 grams of IV vitamin C with EDTA chelation.  As dosing of IV vitamin C goes, 5 grams is quite small.  Vitamin C has been shown to have varying effects (pro oxidant versus antioxidant) dictated by the dosage.  One wonders if higher dosing IV vitamin C provides antioxidant effects?
Nathan Goodyear

Uptake, recycling, and antioxidant actio... [Free Radic Biol Med. 2002] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Alpha lipoic acid is shown to protect the vascular endothelium against oxidative damage.
Nathan Goodyear

Roundup Disrupted Male Reproductive Func... [Free Radic Biol Med. 2013] - PubMed - NCBI - 0 views

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    Glyphosate, component of Roundup is well known to be an endocrine disruptor.  This rat study describes the mechanism  of disruption of the Sertoli cells resulting in male infertility.  In addition to the disruption of spermatogenesis, Glyphosate was shown to deplete glutathione levels compromising detoxification.  If that is not enough, oxidative damage marker TBARS was elevated.  
Nathan Goodyear

Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: where are we now? - Halliwell - 2006 - Journal of Neurochemistry - Wiley Online Library - 0 views

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    Fantastic review of oxidative damage and the CNS.  This is a 2006 review of our understanding of how neurodegeneration occurs through oxidative stress and of course poor detoxification.
Nathan Goodyear

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in neurological disorders: mechanisms of action and therapeutic opportunities - 0 views

  • There is a marked increase in expression of TNF in active multiple sclerosis (MS)
  • a correlation exists between cerebrospinal fluid levels of TNF and the severity and progression of disease
  • With cytokine activation, free-radical production increases and this has been demonstrated in MS
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  • NAC inhibits the toxicity of TNF and in an animal model of MS
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    Good discussion of NAC and neurodegenerative diseases.
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect.com - Free Radical Biology and Medicine - Anti-inflammatory effects of benfotiamine are mediated through the regulation of the arachidonic acid pathway in macrophages - 1 views

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    Benfotiamine's anti-inflammatory effect is through the inhibition of LOX-5 and COX-2.
Nathan Goodyear

TJEM : Vol. 224 (2011) , No. 3 pp.209-213 - 0 views

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    L-carnitine shown to increase antioxidant levels of catalase, SOD, and glutathione perioxidase
Nathan Goodyear

BMC Neuroscience | Full text | In Vitro Assessment of Tobacco Smoke Toxicity at the BBB: Do Antioxidant Supplements Have a Protective Role? - 0 views

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    Vitamin C and Vitamin E shown to protect against the many pro-oxidant effects of smoking
Nathan Goodyear

JAMA Network | Archives of Neurology | Damage to Lipids, Proteins, DNA, and RNA in Mild Cognitive Impairment - 0 views

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    oxidative damage found to be present in early Alzheimer's disease.  This early mild cognitive impairment is the time for treatment to delay disease progression.  As this study points out, most studies up to this point have been done on individuals with late Alzheimer's disease.  This show that oxidative damage plays a prominent role in disease development.  This study found oxidative damage through several markers: lipid peroxides,isoprostanes, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine...
Nathan Goodyear

Lymphocyte oxidative DNA damage and plasma antioxidants in Alzheimer Disease - 0 views

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    This study found an inverse association between elevated 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and low antioxidants in individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
Nathan Goodyear

Mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging. [Free Radic Res. 2000] - PubMed result - 0 views

  • mitochondrial aging may be prevented by antioxidants.
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    antioxidants protect mitochondria oxidative stress and slow aging
Nathan Goodyear

The role of mitochondrial oxidative stress in agin... [Free Radic Biol Med. 2003] - PubMed result - 0 views

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    mitochondria stress plays role in aging
Nathan Goodyear

Coenzyme Q10 as a possible treatment for neurodege... [Free Radic Res. 2002] - PubMed result - 0 views

  • CoQ10 can significantly extend survival, delay motor deficits and delay weight loss and attenuate the development of striatal atrophy in a transgenic mouse model of HD
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    CoQ10 shown to shown to slow progression of the neurodegenerative disease: Huntington's disease
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Free Radical Biology and Medicine : Neuroprotection by the Metabolic Antioxidant α-Lipoic Acid - 0 views

  • preliminary human studies indicate that α-lipoate may be effective in numerous neurodegenerative disorders
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    Alpha LIpoic Acid as treatment strategy in those with neurodegenerative disorders
Nathan Goodyear

Endurance training without weight loss lowers syst... [Free Radic Biol Med. 2008] - PubMed result - 0 views

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    endurance training in obese women increases inflammation; carbohydrates reduce
Nathan Goodyear

ScienceDirect - Free Radical Biology and Medicine : Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects - 0 views

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    DHA >EPA in reducing oxidative stress in those with high blood pressure and diabetes; though both effective
Nathan Goodyear

Thieme eJournals - Abstract - 0 views

  • ur data showed that sHT patients exists impaired endothelial function, and antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid can improve endothelial function, through decrease of oxygen- derived free radicals.
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    IV alpha Lipoic acid shown to improve vascular function
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