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Omniscious is a free open online collaborative problem solving contest platform in development. The system is intended for anyone curious and interested in solving wicked problems or investigating complicated unanswered questions.

Martin Storr, Maria Vehreschild, Faecaltransplant, gut disease

David Baum, University of Wisconsin, says: "All agree that eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship between two cell types: bacteria that became mitochondria and a host cell, archaea, or a close relative of archaea, that became the cytoplasm and nucleus. This symbiosis explains the origin of mitochondria, but what about other eukaryotic structures, most notably the nucleus?" The Baums' inside-out theory provides a gradual path by which eukaryotic cells could have evolved. The first stage began with a bacterial cell whose outer membrane forms protrusions, which the Baums call 'blebs', that reached out from the cell. These protrusions trapped free-living mitochondria-like bacteria between them. Using the energy gained from being in close contact with bacteria (and using bacterial-derived lipids), cells were able to get bigger and expand the size of their blebs. The sides of the blebs formed the endoplasmic reticulum and their inner surfaces formed the outer membrane of the nucleus, with the original outer membrane of the archaeon becoming what we now call the inner nuclear membrane. Finally, the fusion of blebs with one another led to the formation of the plasma membrane. The result was the eukaryotic cell as we now know it. This inside-out theory is explained in more detail using a diagram in the research article (see notes to editors).

#immunopsychiatry Golam Kandakher #antibiotics

"Among the five ape species tested, the "universal" primers detected an average of 6 species per animal. The Archaea-specific primers revealed an average of 95.... By simply looking more closely and more specifically for Archaea, Raymann and her colleagues revealed a conspicuous gap in microbiome research"

"SocioPatterns is an interdisciplinary research collaboration formed in 2008 that adopts a data-driven methodology to study social dynamics and human activity. Since 2008, we have collected longitudinal data on the physical proximity and face-to-face contacts of individuals in numerous real-world environments, covering widely varying contexts across several countries: schools, museums, hospitals, etc. We use the data to study human behaviour and to develop agent-based models for the transmission of infectious diseases."