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"By Casey Johnston | The standard model of particle physics dictates that the world is made up of sixteen types of particles divided into two types: fermions and bosons. The way these particles behave with each other shows that there are four possible kinds of interactions: electromagnetic, strong, weak, and gravitational."

New results from digital sky surveys highlight more inconsistencies in our understanding of early galaxies, which, in contrast to today's galaxies, were compact and rapidly moving.

"Basically, any computing device (or switch, or router) that is based on light requires a nonlinear interaction between different light beams, but light doesn't like to do nonlinear stuff. With current technology, you can get efficient nonlinear optical interactions, but the hardware is kind of bulky or very delicate. Not the sort of thing you want to put in a billion devices. What my friends in Barcelona have demonstrated is that it's possible to create a relatively efficient optical nonlinear interaction in a nano-structured metallic surface. "