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Billions of Habitable Worlds Likely in the Milky Way - 0 views

  • results from a new study that searched for rocky planets in the habitable zones around red dwarf stars
  • now estimates that there are tens of billions of such planets in the Milky Way galaxy
  • probably about one hundred in the Sun’s immediate neighborhood, less than 30 light years away.
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  • new observations with HARPS mean that about 40% of all red dwarf stars have a super-Earth orbiting in the habitable zone where liquid water can exist on the surface of the planet
  • first direct estimate of the number of smaller, rocky planets around red dwarf stars
  • another recent finding which suggested that every star in our night sky has at least one planet circling it — which didn’t include red dwarf stars – and our galaxy could be teeming with worlds
  • HARPS team surveyed a carefully chosen sample of 102 red dwarf stars in the southern skies over a six-year period
  • total of nine super-Earths (planets with masses between one and ten times that of Earth) were found, including two inside the habitable zones of Gliese 581 and Gliese 667 C respectively
  • combining all the data, including observations of stars that did not have planets, and looking at the fraction of existing planets that could be discovered, the team has been able to work out how common different sorts of planets are around red dwarfs
  • find that the frequency of occurrence of super-Earths in the habitable zone is 41% with a range from 28% to 95%.
  • Less than 12% of red dwarfs are expected to have giant planets (with masses between 100 and 1000 times that of the Earth).
  • habitable zone around a red dwarf, where the temperature is suitable for liquid water to exist on the surface, is much closer to the star than the Earth is to the Sun
  • But red dwarfs are known to be subject to stellar eruptions or flares, which may bathe the planet in X-rays or ultraviolet radiation, and which may make life there less likely.”
  • Gliese 667 Cc. This is the second planet in this triple star system and seems to be situated close to the center of the habitable zone
  • this planet is more than four times heavier than the Earth it is the closest twin to Earth found so far and almost certainly has the right conditions for the existence of liquid water on its surface
  • second super-Earth planet inside the habitable zone of a red dwarf
Mars Base

What is image processing? | ESA/Hubble - 0 views

  • What is image processing?
  • Hubble takes pictures which capture many more colours and gradations of light and dark than the human eye (or consumer digital cameras) can see
  • are also quirks in how its cameras work
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  • designed to make scientifically useful observations rather than being optimised for pretty pictures.
  • most of these quirks have already been corrected in the data you find in the archive,
  • images are still scientific data rather than photographs like those from a normal digital camera
  • still contain far more information than the eye can see.
  • beautiful Hubble images that we all know have all been extensively tweaked and optimised by hand, in order to reveal as much of the data as possible
  • brightening the glowing gas in nebulae or compressing the dynamic range of galaxy images so that the core and spiral arms can both be seen equally clearly
  • Image processing is the name for this process of selecting data, adjusting colour, contrast and dynamic range to reveal the hidden detail in Hubble’s scientific data.
Mars Base

Coffee, other stimulant drugs may cause high achievers to slack off: research - 0 views

  • While stimulants may improve unengaged workers’ performance, a new University of British Columbia study suggests that for others, caffeine and amphetamines can have the opposite effect, causing workers with higher motivation levels to slack off.
  • impacts of stimulants on “slacker” rats and “worker” rats, and sheds important light on why stimulants might affect people differently, a question that has long been unclear
  • suggests that patients being treated with stimulants for a range of illnesses may benefit from more personalized treatment programs.
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  • suggest that some stimulants may actually have an opposite effect for people who naturally favour the difficult tasks of life that come with greater rewards
  • found that rats – like humans – show varying levels of willingness to expend high or low degrees of mental effort to obtain food rewards.
  • with stimulants, the “slacker” rats that typically avoided challenges worked significantly harder when given amphetamines
  • worker” rats that typically embraced challenges were less motivated by caffeine or amphetamine
Mars Base

Comets Disintegrate Faster on Deeper Dives Into Sun | Sun-Diving Comets | Space.com - 0 views

  • Comets skimming past the sun may seem like ill-fated cosmic snowballs, and a team of scientists is trying to figure out what makes some fizzle and others explode as they make their solar death dives
  • may yield clues
  • origins of the solar system
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  • shed light on the potential risks the comet deaths on the sun could pose for us on Earth
  • In recent decades, astronomers have witnessed even dramatic interactions between comets and the sun
  • researchers are analyzing how these so-called sun-diving comets lose their mass and energy depending on how close they get to the star.
  • Such data can show us for the first time what is inside a comet
  • All other data to date, apart from Jupiter impacts like Shoemaker-Levy 9, are only from the surface layers."
  • the sun's lower atmosphere. This lies about 4,350 miles (7,000 kilometers) above the top of the photosphere, the sun's brightest visible layer.
  • sunskimmer" comets — ones that dive toward the sun but not into its lower atmosphere — can slowly get vaporized by sunlight in deaths that last hundreds to thousands of seconds, depending on their mass
  • scientists calculated that the comets should emit weak but detectable extreme ultraviolet radiation.
  • sunplunger" comets that get even closer to the sun will meet their demise in only a few seconds, as they collide with the dense layers of the sun's lower atmosphere
  • most massive comets smashed into the sun, they would produce dramatic explosions just above the photosphere
  • To create their model, the scientists looked at the first direct observations of sunskimmer comets, captured last year by NASA's sun-watching Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO).
  • comet, C/2011 N3, was completely destroyed after passing about 62,000 miles (100,000 km) above the photosphere
  • comet, Lovejoy (C/2011 W3), survived a close approach to a similar distance of 87,000 miles (140,000 km), although it lost a significant fraction of its mass in the process
  • Both events were in line with the predictions of the researchers' new model.
  • corona is hot, but its density is so small that the heat Lovejoy experienced "would be quite safe even on our skin
  • Comet Lovejoy did pass through the sun's million-degree corona
  • Comets might help serve as probes of the sun's atmosphere and magnetic field, helping to uncover its secrets
  • cometary flares that the very largest comets might release if they slammed into the sun can be 100 times more energetic than the largest solar flares ever observed
  • Such comets are, however, very, very rare today, though they may have been commoner in the early system
Mars Base

Astronomer urges researchers everywhere to study Venus transit - 0 views

  • during this transit, our sun will be displaying sun spots
  • allows for comparing changing light patterns of suspected exoplanets with those that occur much closer to home
  • Information gathered during the transit, he points out, could very well reveal pertinent information later on
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  • regardless of area of interest
  • more people studying the transit the better, in as many ways as possible, even if there doesn’t seem to be any immediate payoff
Mars Base

Higgs-like Particle Discovered at CERN - 0 views

  • According to the theory, a particle acquires mass through its interaction with the Higgs field, which is believed to pervade all of space and has been compared to molasses that sticks to any particle rolling through it.
  • the Higgs would be responsible for how particles come together to form matter, and without it, the universe would have remained a formless miss-mash of particles shooting around at the speed of light.
Mars Base

Strange Vortex On Saturn Moon Titan | Space.com - 0 views

  • Cassini scientists will keep a close eye on Titan's south pole for further developments, which could shed light on the moon's complex, methane-based weather system
Mars Base

Oil spill cleanup: Smart filter can strain oil out of water - 0 views

  • researchers created a filter coating that repels oil but attracts water
  • Most natural substances soak up oil, and the few that repel it also repel water because water has a higher surface tension
  • , the researchers dipped postage-stamp-size pieces of stainless steel window screen and polyester fabric into their solution
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  • cured the coated snippets under ultraviolet light
Mars Base

Sugar Molecules Discovered Around Sun-Like Star | Search for Life & Alien Planets | Spa... - 0 views

  • The young star
  • , is part of a binary
  • similar mass to the sun and is located about 400 light-years away
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  • sugar molecules, known as glycolaldehyde, have previously been detected in interstellar space
  • according to the researchers, this is the first time they have been spotted so close to a sun-like star
  • the molecules are about the same distance away from the star as the planet Uranus is from our sun.
  • glycolaldehyde, which is a simple form of sugar, not much different to the sugar we put in coffee
  • found the sugar molecules using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) radio telescope in Chile
Mars Base

Unmixing Oil And Water - Science News - 0 views

  • , it’s difficult to undo.
  • Oil moves smoothly across such surfaces but water beads up
  • these filters require energy to force stuff through them
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  • often become fouled after a few hours. Also, water
  • can sit on top of such filters, making it harder for oil to get through.
  • dip the screen in a blend containing two compounds: POSS (fluorodecyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) and PEGDA (polyethylene glycol diacrylate
  • minute or so under ultraviolet light cures the membrane, and it’s hardened and ready to use.
Mars Base

Disintegrating Alien Planet Has Comet-Like Tail | Space.com - 0 views

  • Astronomers have found a dusty tail streaming off a faraway alien planet, suggesting that the tiny, scorching-hot world is indeed falling apart.
  • In May, researchers announced the detection of a possibly distintegrating exoplanet, a roughly Mercury-size world being boiled away by the intense heat of its parent star
  • a different team has found strong evidence in support of the find
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  • Both studies used observations from NASA's Kepler space telescope
  • completing an orbit every 15 hours
  • surface temperatures estimated to be around 3,600 degrees Fahrenheit (1,982 degrees Celsius).
  • predicted that the planet is likely surrounded by a huge veil of dust and gas
  • In the new study, a different team
  • affirms the existence of this planetary dust tail
  • found clear signals that
  • light is being scattered and absorbed by large amounts of dust.
  • Further work with different instruments could help nail down just what the planet is made of
  • By observing the dust clouds in different colors, something Kepler cannot do, we will be able to determine the amount and the composition of the dust and estimate its lifetime
  • "As the evaporation peels the planet like an onion, we can now see what used to be the inside of a planet."
Mars Base

Study: Tigers take the night shift to coexist with people - 0 views

  • Tigers
  • a new study indicates that the feared and revered carnivores in and around a world-renowned park in Nepal are taking the night shift to better coexist with their human neighbors.
  • Conventional conservation wisdom is that tigers need lots of people-free space, which often leads to people being relocated or their access to resources compromised to make way for tigers
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  • home to about 121 tigers. People live on the park's borders
  • analysis of the thousands of images show that people and tigers are walking the same paths, albeit at different times
  • Tigers typically move around at all times of the day and night
  • discovered that the tigers had become creatures of the night.
  • camera's infrared lights document a pronounced shift toward nocturnal activity
  • People in Nepal generally avoid the forests at night
  • it appears tiger population numbers are holding steady despite an increase in human population size
  • Tigers need to use the same space as people if they are to have a viable long-term future. What we're learning in Chitwan is that tigers seem to be adapting to make it work."
  • There appears to be a middle ground where you might actually be able to protect the species at high densities and give people access to forest goods they need to live
Mars Base

Mars Clays May Have Volcanic Source - Science News - 0 views

  • Ancient clay deposits on Mars may not indicate that the Red Planet was originally a warm, wet place, as scientists have thought. Instead of needing liquid water to form, many of Mars’ 4-billion-year-old clays could have originated from cooling lava, researchers report
  • last year, some researchers suggested that underground hydrothermal activity provided the water that is necessary to form the clays
  • “We’re not saying all clays on Mars formed by this process,” says coauthor Bethany Ehlmann, a planetary geologist at Caltech. However, “if most clays formed by a magmatic process, it says maybe water wasn’t so available on early Mars.”
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  • ow there’s another suggestion: Crystallizing lava may have contained tiny pockets where water could react with other chemicals to make small amounts of iron- and magnesium-rich clay. No additional water flowing on the surface or belowground would be needed. So early Mars could have been a largely cold, dry world
  • not saying all clays on Mars formed by this process
  • “if most clays formed by a magmatic process, it says maybe water wasn’t so available on early Mars
  • researchers investigated the cooling-lava scenario because some Martian clays don’t appear to fit with previous explanations
  • Some Martian meteorites contain clay minerals with hydrogen isotope compositions characteristic of water coming from Mars’ mantle and carried in lava — not from the atmosphere or surface — suggesting water-rich lava has produced some Martian clay.
  • The researchers also looked at clay deposits from French Polynesia’s Mururoa Atoll in the Pacific Ocean that formed from cooling lava
  • This clay reflects the same wavelengths of infrared light as Martian deposits
  • suggesting that both have similar mineralogical properties and thus probably formed in the same way.
  • team says cooling lava can account for the most geographically abundant Noachian clay minerals
  • that doesn’t mean water didn’t flow on the surface during brief episodes
  • evidenced by the planet’s ancient river valleys, says coauthor
  • Ehlmann says scientists need to find a spot on Mars where Noachian-aged clay is found so that all three proposed clay-forming mechanisms can be tested
  • where NASA’s Curiosity landed is not a good test location because the clays there are slightly younger and are clearly part of a sedimentary
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Mars Base

Snow on Mars: 'Dry Ice' Snowflakes Discovered by NASA Probe | Space.com - 0 views

  • spacecraft orbiting Mars has detected carbon dioxide snow falling on the Red Planet
  • the only body in the solar system known to
  • weather phenomenon
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  • snow on Mars fell from clouds around the planet's south pole during the Martian winter spanning 2006 and 2007
  • The Martian south pole hosts a frozen carbon dioxide — or "dry ice" — cap year-round
  • new discovery may help explain how it formed and persists, researchers
  • the first definitive detections of carbon-dioxide snow clouds
  • "We firmly establish the clouds are composed of carbon dioxide — flakes of Martian air — and they are thick enough to result in snowfall accumulation at the surface.
  • find means Mars hosts two different kinds of snowfall
  • In 2008, NASA's Phoenix lander observed water-ice snow
  • near the Red Planet's north pole
  • studied data gathered by MRO's Mars Climate Sounder instrument during the Red Planet's southern winter in 2006-2007
  • instrument measures brightness in nine different wavelengths of visible and infrared light, allowing scientists to learn key characteristics of the particles and gases in the Martian atmosphere, such as their sizes and concentrations.
  • one behemoth 300 miles (500 kilometers) wide
  • One line of evidence for snow is that the carbon-dioxide ice particles in the clouds are large enough to fall to the ground during the lifespan of the clouds
  • Another comes from observations when the instrument is pointed toward the horizon
  • "The infrared spectra signature of the clouds viewed from this angle is clearly carbon-dioxide ice particles, and they extend to the surface
  • "The finding of snowfall could mean that the type of deposition — snow or frost — is somehow linked to the year-to-year preservation of the residual ca
  • Dry ice requires temperatures of about minus 193 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 125 Celsius) to fall, reinforcing just how cold the Martian surface is.
  • Astronomers still aren't entirely sure how the dry ice sustaining Mars' south polar cap — the only place where frozen carbon dioxide exists year-round on the planet's surface — is deposited. It could come from snowfall, or the stuff may freeze out of the air at ground level, researchers said.
Mars Base

LHC to narrow search for Higgs boson - 0 views

  • Finding it would be an enormous scientific breakthrough for the physics world and would help explain why different particles have different masses
  • That is because the particle itself is thought to give mass to other particles
  • any firm discovery will have to wait until next year
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  • we're close to the stage where we're going to see something
  • The hunt for the Higgs boson is different than the much-publicized research by French and Italian researchers that appeared to show subatomic neutrino particles traveling faster than light
  • But scientists at CERN are involved in testing that research
Mars Base

New carbon allotrope could have a variety of applications - 0 views

  • Since the 1980s, scientists have been synthesizing newer allotropes, including carbon nanotubes, graphene, and fullerenes, all of which have had a significant scientific and technological impact.
  • scientists have been investigating a wide variety of new – and sometimes elusive – carbon allotropes
  • scientists also noted that T-carbon could have astronomical implications as a potential component of interstellar dust and carbon exoplanets
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  • long-standing puzzle in astronomy known as the ‘carbon crisis’ in interstellar dust
  • Observations by the Hubble telescope revealed that the carbon budget in dust is deep in the red, and there is not sufficient carbon in dust to account for the light distortions
  • researchers would like to synthesize the new allotrope in the lab, although they say that this would likely be very difficult.
Chris Fisher

47 year old television signals bouncing back to Earth - 0 views

  • "I realised the signal was in the VHF Band and slap bang in the middle of 41-68 MHz. It was obviously old terrestrial television broadcasts, but they seemed to be originating from deep space.
  • "They are signals that left the Earth about 50 years ago and have bounced off an object or more likely a field of objects some 25 light years away".
  • Radio signals travel at approximately 300,000 kilometers per second.
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  • we asked NASA if they could point Hubble at the centre of what we've named the 'Bounce Anomaly'. NASA were very keen to help once they had seen our data."
  • However the $3 billion space telescope was unable to produce any clues as to what the signals are bouncing off. One theory is a massive cloud of asteroids is acting like a mirror in space reflecting radio signals from our past, back to us.
  • "We now know these are original broadcasts. So far we have recovered about 7 weeks of old television signals from space. Every day in our lab is like traveling back in time. And speaking of which we have just started the digital recovery of signals that contain lost Doctor Who episodes.
Mars Base

Supernova Candidate Stars May Signal "Impending Doom" - 0 views

  • very visible supernova event. Hosted in the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51),
  • researchers at Ohio State University, a galaxy survey may have captured evidence of a “stellar signal” just before it went supernova
  • OSU team was undertaking a survey of 25 galaxies for stars that changed their magnitude in usual ways
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  • goal was to find a star just before it ended its life
  • a binary star system located in M51 produced just the results they were looking fo
  • ne star dropped amplitude just a short period of time before the other exploded
  • Maybe stars give off a clear signal of impending doom, maybe they don’t
  • But we’ll learn something new about dying stars no matter the outcome
  • it was a binary star system being studied by the OSU team
  • consisted of both a blue and red star
  • At this point, the astronomers surmise the red star was the one that dimmed significantly over the three-year period while the blue one blew its top
  • reviewing the LBT data
  • when compared with Hubble images, the red star dimmed at about 10% over the final three-year period at an estimated 3% per previous years
  • researchers surmise the red star may have actually survived the supernova event
  • After the light from the explosion fades away, we should be able to see the companion that did not explode
Mars Base

Physicist creates scale model of LHC ATLAS experiment of out LEGO blocks - 0 views

  • The Large Hadron Collider at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland has generated a lot of news of late, e.g. the announcement that a team had found what it believes to be a particle that traveled faster than he speed of light, an actual new particle, and of course the seemingly never-ending storyline associated with the hopeful discovery of the elusive Higgs Boson, now a physicist not associated with the project, has built a scale model replica of the ATLAS experiment; a particle detector that will likely serve as ground zero should the so-called “god particle” ever be observed.
  • a physicist with the Niels Bohr Institute took almost thirty five hours to build and cost two thousand Euros (paid for by the high energy physics group at the university). The point of building the replica, he says, is to incite interest in physics. Plus, no doubt, it was sort of fun.
  • The real ATLAS project is 44 meters long and 22 meters wide and weighs 7000 tonnes. Mehlhase’s model, at approximately 1:50 scale is approximately 1 meter long by a half meter wide. And while the real deal has millions of parts, the model has 9500 pieces, mostly LEGO blocks.
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  • first tried to model the ATLAS on computer, but then apparently found the undertaking untenable
  • Abandoning that approach, he set to work replicating the ATLAS by simply mimicking what it looked like
  • Mehlhase says he’s contacted LEGO (a Danish company) in hopes of having his model included as one of the model kits sold by the company, though he hasn’t yet made a manual. He’d like to see similar models constructed in schools all over the world.
  • To give some perspective, he modeled some tiny physicists as well.
Mars Base

Mars-sized planet orbits red dwarf star - 0 views

  • 11 January 2012
  • The new three planet system hosts planets that are all smaller than Earth. Image: NASA/JPL Caltech.
  • eight out of ten stars in the Galaxy are red dwarfs
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  • suggests that this breed of star could be the place to search for Earth-like rocky planets
  • 85 out of 900 potential planetary systems identified by Kepler have been found in red dwarf systems.
  • A comparison of KOI-961 and its tiny planets with our own planet Jupiter and its four large moons. Image: NASA/JPL Caltech
  • KOI-961 also bears striking resemblance to the well-studied nearby red dwarf, Barnard's Star, which is only six light years away
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