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dpurdy

Wind Program: Advantages and Challenges of Wind Energy - 1 views

www1.eere.energy.gov/...wind_ad.html

Wind pollution future challenges

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Challenges Wind power must compete with conventional generation sources on a cost basis. Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm may or may not be cost competitive. Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators. Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity is needed. Transmission lines must be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to the city. Wind resource development may compete with other uses for the land and those alternative uses may be more highly valued than electricity generation. Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to other conventional power plants, there is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and sometimes birds have been killed by flying into the rotors. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological development or by properly siting wind plants.
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boothreb99

Group items matching "fuel cell" in title, tags, annotations or url - qmstech2 | Diigo Groups - 1 views

groups.diigo.com/...search

fuel cell fuel cell current

shared by boothreb99 on 11 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • boothreb99 on 11 Mar 13
     
    "The fuel cell is being considered as an eventual replacement for the internal combustion engine for cars, trucks and buses. Major car manufacturers have teamed up with fuel cell research centers or are doing their own development. There are plans for mass-producing cars running on fuel cells. Because of the low operating cost of the combustion engine, and some unresolved technical challenges of the fuel cell, however, experts predict that a large scale implementation of the fuel cell to power cars will not occur before 2015, or even 2020."
mannixjul00

Tidal Energy | Marine Current Turbines - 0 views

www.marineturbines.com/Tidal-Energy

tidal tide

shared by mannixjul00 on 11 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • idal turbines are very much like an underwater windmill where the blades are driven by consistent, fast-moving currents.  The submerged rotors harness the power of the tidal streams to drive generators, which in turn produce electricity. Water is 832 times denser than air so consequently tidal turbine rotors can be are much smaller than wind turbine rotors generate equivalent  amounts of electricity, and they can be deployed much closer together. Devices that harness tidal stream energy present a unique set of engineering challenges in terms of design, installation and maintenance. During operation, the force of the tidal flow in Strangford Lough is equivalent to a 345 mph wind generating a 100 tonnes of thrust on the rotors. The unique SeaGen design allows capture of the maximum amount of tidal energy whilst keeping maintenance and connectivity costs low.
  • Tidal turbines are very much like an underwater windmill where the blades are driven by consistent, fast-moving currents.  The submerged rotors harness the power of the tidal streams to drive generators, which in turn produce electricity. Water is 832 times denser than air so consequently tidal turbine rotors are much smaller than wind turbine rotors generate equivalent  amounts of electricity, and they can be deployed much closer together. Devices that harness tidal stream energy present a unique set of engineering challenges in terms of design, installation and maintenance. During operation, the force of the tidal flow in Strangford Lough is equivalent to a 345 mph wind generating a 100 tonnes of thrust on the rotors.
  • kramerjac99 on 11 Mar 13
     
    How it works.
dpurdy

http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/hlg_vision_report_en.pdf - 1 views

ec.europa.eu/...hlg_vision_report_en.pdf

hydrogen uses future co2

shared by dpurdy on 26 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • slentzkel99
      slentzkel99 on 26 Oct 12
       
      Report on hydrogen economy potential 
  • dpurdy on 26 Oct 12
     
    Challenges Producing hydrogen in the large quantities necessary for the transport and stationary power markets could become a barrier to progress beyond the initial demonstration phase.  Uses: Fuel cells will be used in a wide range of products, ranging from very small fuel cells in portable devices such as mobile phones and laptops, through mobile applications like cars, delivery vehicles, buses and ships, to heat and power generators in stationary applications in the domestic and industrial sector. Future energy systems will also include improved conventional energy converters running on hydrogen (e.g. internal combustion engines, Stirling engines, and turbines) as well as other energy carriers (e.g. direct heat and electricity from renewable energy, and bio-fuels for transport). 
marloweth98

Solar panel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/Solar_panel

solar

shared by marloweth98 on 15 Mar 12 - Cached
  • so solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel
  • photovoltaic cells
  • arger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, many installations contain several panels.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Third generation solar cells are advanced thin-film cells. They produce high-efficiency conversion at low cost.
  • includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.
  • photovoltaic system typically
  • lexible thin film cells and modules are created on the same production line by depositing the photoactive layer and other necessary layers on a flexible substrate. If the substrate is an insulator (e.g. polyester or polyimide film) then monolithic integration can be used. If it is a conductor then another technique for electrical connection must be used. The cells are assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent colourless fluoropolymer on the front side (typically ETFE or FEP) and a polymer suitable for bonding to the final substrate on the other side. The only commercially available (in MW quantities) flexible module uses amorphous silicon triple junction (from Unisolar). So-called inverted metamorphic (IMM) multijunction solar cells made on compound-semiconductor technology are just becoming commercialized in July 2008. The University of Michigan's solar car that won the North American Solar Challenge in July 2008 used IMM thin-film flexible solar cells. The requirements for residential and commercial are different in that the residential needs are simple and can be packaged so that as solar cell technology progresses, the other base line equipment such as the battery, inverter and voltage sensing transfer switch still need to be compacted and unitized for residential use. Commercial use, depending on the size of the service will be limited in the photovoltaic cell arena, and more complex parabolic reflectors and solar concentrators are becoming the dominant technology. The global flexible and thin-film photovoltaic (PV) market, despite caution in the overall PV industry, is expected to experience a CAGR of over 35% to 2019, surpassing 32 GW according to a major new study by IntertechPira.[4]
  • t $4.50, which was 33 times lower than the cost in 1970 of $150.[8][9]
  • marloweth98 on 15 Mar 12
     
    facts
olearydev99

Hydrogen Fuel - 0 views

www.fueleconomy.gov/...hydrogen.shtml

fuel cell cost

shared by olearydev99 on 19 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Fuel Cost & Availability. Hydrogen is currently expensive to produce and is only available at a handful of locations, mostly in California. Vehicle Cost & Availability. Fuel cell vehicles are currently far too expensive for most consumers to afford, and they are only available to a few demonstration fleets.
  • olearydev99 on 13 Mar 13
     
    "It is an environmentally friendly fuel that has the potential to dramatically reduce our dependence on imported oil, but several significant challenges must be overcome before it can be widely used."
dpurdy

Wave Energy: an Overview (Oxfordshire Climate Exchange) - 1 views

climatex.org/...wave-energy-overview

wave potential future how form history

shared by dpurdy on 30 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Waves are generated by winds blowing over the ocean surface.  Wave energy is effectively a stored and concentrated form of solar energy since the winds that produce them are caused by pressure differences in the atmosphere caused by the sun's differential heating of the earth's surface. Waves can efficiently transport energy for thousands of miles and retain their energy long after the winds that first created them have died down, which makes waves one of the most concentrated and consistent sources of renewable energy. 
  • Globally, the potential use of wave power is, unsurprisingly, limited to areas of the world where there are waves. On a global scale, this is dictated by global wind patterns, with the result that waves are more prevalent in the mid-latitudes (40-60(N/S), than nearer the equator where the lack of ocean wind is referred to as the 'doldrums'.  Interestingly, this potential for wave power contrasts with that of solar power, which is more effective in lower latitudes
    • dpurdy
      dpurdy on 30 Oct 12
       
      Location of wave power.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • it is widely anticipated that other types of renewable resources, including wave energy, will need to be developed in order to meet more challenging targets beyond 2020. 
  • As with most renewable energy sources, wave devices have no emissions during generation but the energy associated with the construction of the device does have small associated emissions.
    • dpurdy
      dpurdy on 30 Oct 12
       
      What do we need to do in the future to make this work.
  • it is essential that the current demonstration schemes are successful, to reassure future investors. The most important objective is to deploy full-size demonstration schemes in order to gain greater confidence in the most developed technologies (as in the EU's Atlas project). 
  • it will be necessary to significantly improve the network connections to the electricity suppliers.
geczyluk99

Benefits and Challenges - 0 views

www.fueleconomy.gov/...fcv_benefits.shtml

fuel cell co2

shared by geczyluk99 on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Fuel cell systems are not yet as durable as internal combustion engines, especially in some temperature and humidity ranges.
  • FCVs are currently more expensive than conventional vehicles and hybrids. Manufacturers must bring down production costs, especially the costs of the fuel cell stack and hydrogen storage, to compete with conventional technologies.
  • collignonaut99 on 12 Mar 13
     
    "FCVs are currently more expensive than conventional vehicles and hybrids. Manufacturers must bring down production costs, especially the costs of the fuel cell stack and hydrogen storage, to compete with conventional technologies."
filionmar99

Group items tagged pollution - qmstech2 | Diigo Groups - 0 views

groups.diigo.com/...pollution

location mrpurdy

shared by filionmar99 on 22 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • filionmar99
      filionmar99 on 22 Oct 12
       
      read this
  • The major challenge to using wind as a source of power is that it is intermittent and does not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored (although wind-generated electricity can be stored, if batteries are used), and not all winds can be harnessed to meet the timing of electricity demands. Further, good wind sites are often located in remote locations far from areas of electric power demand (such as cities).
  • Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to fossil fuel power plants, there is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and birds and bats having been killed (avian/bat mortality) by flying into the rotors. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological development or by properly siting wind plants.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • A Renewable Non-Polluting Resource Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today, there will still be the same supply in the future. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting, electricity. Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse gases. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 1990, California's wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide, and 15 million pounds of other pollutants that would have otherwise been produced. It would take a forest of 90 million to 175 million trees to provide the same air quality.
dpurdy

Wind Energy Basics - 1 views

windeis.anl.gov/basics

wind how what location cost pollution infrastructure

shared by dpurdy on 15 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • The major challenge to using wind as a source of power is that it is intermittent and does not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored (although wind-generated electricity can be stored, if batteries are used), and not all winds can be harnessed to meet the timing of electricity demands. Further, good wind sites are often located in remote locations far from areas of electric power demand (such as cities).
  • Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to fossil fuel power plants, there is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts, and birds and bats having been killed (avian/bat mortality) by flying into the rotors. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological development or by properly siting wind plants.
  • A Renewable Non-Polluting Resource Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today, there will still be the same supply in the future. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting, electricity. Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse gases. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 1990, California's wind power plants offset the emission of more than 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide, and 15 million pounds of other pollutants that would have otherwise been produced. It would take a forest of 90 million to 175 million trees to provide the same air quality.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Cost Issues Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators. Roughly 80% of the cost is the machinery, with the balance being site preparation and installation. If wind generating systems are compared with fossil-fueled systems on a "life-cycle" cost basis (counting fuel and operating expenses for the life of the generator), however, wind costs are much more competitive with other generating technologies because there is no fuel to purchase and minimal operating expenses.
    • dpurdy
      dpurdy on 03 Nov 12
       
      Good point for how we will need to change in future! To get more wind energy.
  • Wind energy is very abundant in many parts of the United States. Wind resources are characterized by wind-power density classes, ranging from class 1 (the lowest) to class 7 (the highest). Good wind resources (e.g., class 3 and above, which have an average annual wind speed of at least 13 miles per hour) are found in many locations
  • Wind speed is a critical feature of wind resources,
  • In other words, a stronger wind means a lot more power.
  • Horizontal turbine components include: blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy; a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator; a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment, and interconnection equipment. Wind turbine diagram - click for enlarged image.
  • Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover.
  • How Wind Power Is Generated The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power.
tillmanash98

Biofuel potential is bleak - 3 views

ff.org/...biofuel.htm

biofuels potential

shared by tillmanash98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • 12.48 billion gal of ethanol
  • The 2004 US corn crop totaled about 11.7 billion bushels,
  • The entire 2004 US corn and soybean crop, converted to biomass fuels, could replace about 10.41 billion gal of petroleum (7.6 billion as ethanol and 2.81 billion as biodiesel).
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The US consumed about 7.49 billion bbl of petroleum last year,
  • This means that the total biofuel potential of the record 2004 US corn and soybean harvests would offset about 12 days of US petroleum consumption, or about 3.3% of our total yearly petroleum consumption
  • Given that most of the US corn and soybean crop is already committed to other uses, this analysis indicates that biomass-based fuels will have a negligible role in reducing US petroleum consumption, which in turn underscores that replacing petroleum in the US economy will be a monumental challenge.
  • tillmanash98 on 15 Mar 12
     
    The 2004 US corn crop totaled about 11.7 billion bushels, the largest ever
dpurdy

The Fuel Cell: Is it Ready? - 0 views

www.buchmann.ca/Article1-Page1.asp

hydrogen future potential cost

shared by dpurdy on 19 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • The fuel cell is being considered as an eventual replacement for the internal combustion engine for cars, trucks and buses. Major car manufacturers have teamed up with fuel cell research centers or are doing their own development. There are plans for mass-producing cars running on fuel cells. Because of the low operating cost of the combustion engine, and some unresolved technical challenges of the fuel cell, however, experts predict that a large scale implementation of the fuel cell to power cars will not occur before 2015, or even 2020.
  • Most fuel cells are still handmade and are used for experimental purposes. Fuel cell promoters remind the public that the cost will come down once the cells are mass-produced and lower cost material are found. While an internal combustion engine requires an investment of $35 to $50 to produce one kilowatt (kW) of power, the equivalent cost in a fuel cells is still a whopping $3,000 to $7,500. The goal is a fuel cell that would cost equal or less than diesel engines.
dpurdy

Hydrogen vehicle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 2 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Hydrogen_vehicle

hydrogen what form infrastructure current

shared by dpurdy on 19 Mar 12 - Cached
  • As of October 2009, Fortune magazine estimated the cost of producing the Honda Clarity at $300,000 per car
  • by 2010, the Department of Energy estimated that the cost had fallen 80% and that such fuel cells could be manufactured for $51/kW,
  • When compared to ICE vehicles using gasoline, however, fuel cell vehicles using hydrogen produced from natural gas reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60%
  • ...6 more annotations...
    • dpurdy
      dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
       
      so an internal combustion engine releases more co2 than a fuel cell that uses natural gas as its hydrogen source. 
  • Hydrogen fuel does not occur naturally on Earth and thus is not an energy source, but is an energy carrier. Currently it is most frequently made from methane or other fossil fuels. However, it can be produced from a wide range of sources (such as wind, solar, or nuclear) that are intermittent, too diffuse or too cumbersome to directly propel vehicles. Integrated wind-to-hydrogen plants, using electrolysis of water, are exploring technologies to deliver costs low enough, and quantities great enough, to compete with traditional energy sources.[1]
  • While methods of hydrogen production that do not use fossil fuel would be more sustainable
  • The challenges facing the use of hydrogen in vehicles include production, storage, transport and distribution.
  • The hydrogen infrastructure consists mainly of industrial hydrogen pipeline transport and hydrogen-equipped filling stations like those found on a hydrogen highway. Hydrogen stations which are not situated near a hydrogen pipeline can obtain supply via hydrogen tanks, compressed hydrogen tube trailers, liquid hydrogen tank trucks or dedicated onsite production.
  • Hydrogen fuel does not occur naturally on Earth and thus is not an energy source, but is an energy carrier. Currently it is most frequently made from methane or other fossil fuels. However, it can be produced from a wide range of sources (such as wind, solar, or nuclear) that are intermittent, too diffuse or too cumbersome to directly propel vehicles. Integrated wind-to-hydrogen plants, using electrolysis of water, are exploring technologies to deliver costs low enough, and quantities great enough, to compete with traditional energy sources.[2]
  • dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
     
    Fuel cell cars are expensive.  The fuel cell costs a lot
geczyluk99

Fuel Cell Vehicles: Challenges - 1 views

www.fueleconomy.gov/...fcv_challenges.shtml

hydrogen cost fuel cell

shared by geczyluk99 on 19 Mar 12 - Cached
  • Fuel cell system costs have decreased significantly over the past several years but are still nearly twice as high as those for internal combustion engines. Likewise, onboard hydrogen storage costs are currently $15–$18/kWh for high-pressure gaseous storage, while the commercialization target is $2/kWh. There is potential to reduce this cost using lower-cost carbon fiber tanks or materials-based storage technologies, such as metal hydrides.
    • dpurdy
      dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
       
      as noted in the graph. the cost has been coming down. If it keeps on dropping it will be a good system in the future.
    • dpurdy
      dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
       
      Just click on the more link. 
  • FCVs will have to offer consumers a viable alternative, especially in terms of performance, durability, and cost, to survive in this ultra-competitive market.
  • dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
     
    Cost per kilowat to generate/
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dpurdy

Huge challenges in scaling up biofuels infrastructure - 1 views

www.physorg.com/news201799021.html

biofuel infrastructure potential

shared by dpurdy on 22 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Major changes will be needed to grow, handle, transport and store the immense quantities of biomass -- mostly lignocellulosic feedstocks such as switchgrass, crop residues and forest wastes -- necessary to continually feed electric power generation stations and produce biofuels for transportation,
  • converting to a system in which biomass provides much of the country's energy will require new ways of thinking about agriculture, energy infrastructure and rural economic development.
  • It is estimated that bioenergy has the potential to provide up to 60 percent of the world's primary energy, and biomass seems poised to provide a major alternative to fossil fuels,"
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • "Thus, the combination of expected growth in energy demand and the lower density of biomass imply that by 2050, biomass transport volumes will be greater than the current capacity of the entire energy and agricultural commodity infrastructure,
  • "For example, a large biofuel plant would require 16 to 20 tanker trucks or railcars per day to move the fuel to market, increasing both traffic and costs."
dpurdy

The Energy Challenge - Wind Energy Bumps Into Power Grid's Limits - Series - NYTimes.com - 2 views

www.nytimes.com/...27grid.html

Wind grid future (need to do)

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - Cached
  • The dirty secret of clean energy is that while generating it is getting easier, moving it to market is not.
  • While the United States today gets barely 1 percent of its electricity from wind turbines, many experts are starting to think that figure could hit 20 percent.
  • Achieving that would require moving large amounts of power over long distances, from the windy, lightly populated plains in the middle of the country to the coasts where many people live.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • “The windiest sites have not been built, because there is no way to move that electricity from there to the load centers,” he said
  • The basic problem is that many transmission lines, and the connections between them, are simply too small for the amount of power companies would like to squeeze through them
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dpurdy

Wave power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 2 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Wave_power

wave sustainable history location what grid

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As long as the waves propagate slower than the wind speed just above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the waves.
  • The first known patent to utilize energy from ocean waves dates back to 1799 and was filed in Paris by Girard and his son.[12] An early application of wave power was a device constructed around 1910 by Bochaux-Praceique to light and power his house at Royan, near Bordeaux in France
  • Once the wave energy is captured at a wave source, power must be carried to the point of use or to a connection to the electrical grid by transmission power cables.[2
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The realistically usable worldwide resource has been estimated to be greater than 2 TW.[49][50] Locations with the most potential for wave power include the western seaboard of Europe, the northern coast of the UK, and the Pacific coastlines of North and South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The north and south temperate zones have the best sites for capturing wave power. The prevailing westerlies in these zones blow strongest in winter. Waves are very predictable; waves that are caused by winds can be predicted five days in advance.[citation needed]
  • There is a potential impact on the marine environment. Noise pollution, for example, could have negative impact if not monitored, although the noise and visible impact of each design varies greatly.[5]. Other biophysical impacts (flora and fauna, sediment regimes and water column structure and flows) of scaling up the technology is being studied.[51] In terms of socio-economic challenges, wave farms can result in the displacement of commercial and recreational fishermen from productive fishing grounds, can change the pattern of beach sand nourishment, and may represent hazards to safe navigation.[52] Waves generate about 2,700 gigawatts of power
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dpurdy

Connecting renewable energy to the grid - 2 views

www.abb.com/...f7a3a6aedc12577c20033dbf5.aspx

grid solar wind transported

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Big cities need large amounts of electricity to function. Often, this is transported from generating sites located in remote areas hundreds or even thousands of kilometers away. The question is how to move as much electricity as possible from renewable generation sites like hydro plants and wind parks without impairing the function of the power networks that need it.
  • One of the challenges of renewable power generation like wind and solar power is that it can be interrupted, and this variability affects the stability of the power produced
  • The "smart grid" will create a power network that is more reliable, flexible, secure and efficient
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • Power grids are facing a major transformation, driven by the need to integrate renewable energy
dpurdy

Geothermal Energy Policy -- Energy Plan USA - 0 views

www.energyplanusa.com/geothermal_energy_plan.htm

geothermal potential future

shared by dpurdy on 08 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • According to the government, geothermal has the potential to supply the United States with 20% of our electricity needs.
  • The capital cost of geothermal development is expensive, however; 2/3rds are drilling costs. Yet as we overcome some of these technology challenges and make the process more standardized it is believed that geothermal can supply up to 20% of the United States electricity needs by 2050. But innovation and investment in initial steps need to happen now.
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