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marloweth98

Solar panel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/Solar_panel

solar

shared by marloweth98 on 15 Mar 12 - Cached
  • so solar module, photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel
  • photovoltaic cells
  • arger photovoltaic system to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential applications. Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, many installations contain several panels.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Third generation solar cells are advanced thin-film cells. They produce high-efficiency conversion at low cost.
  • includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.
  • photovoltaic system typically
  • lexible thin film cells and modules are created on the same production line by depositing the photoactive layer and other necessary layers on a flexible substrate. If the substrate is an insulator (e.g. polyester or polyimide film) then monolithic integration can be used. If it is a conductor then another technique for electrical connection must be used. The cells are assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent colourless fluoropolymer on the front side (typically ETFE or FEP) and a polymer suitable for bonding to the final substrate on the other side. The only commercially available (in MW quantities) flexible module uses amorphous silicon triple junction (from Unisolar). So-called inverted metamorphic (IMM) multijunction solar cells made on compound-semiconductor technology are just becoming commercialized in July 2008. The University of Michigan's solar car that won the North American Solar Challenge in July 2008 used IMM thin-film flexible solar cells. The requirements for residential and commercial are different in that the residential needs are simple and can be packaged so that as solar cell technology progresses, the other base line equipment such as the battery, inverter and voltage sensing transfer switch still need to be compacted and unitized for residential use. Commercial use, depending on the size of the service will be limited in the photovoltaic cell arena, and more complex parabolic reflectors and solar concentrators are becoming the dominant technology. The global flexible and thin-film photovoltaic (PV) market, despite caution in the overall PV industry, is expected to experience a CAGR of over 35% to 2019, surpassing 32 GW according to a major new study by IntertechPira.[4]
  • t $4.50, which was 33 times lower than the cost in 1970 of $150.[8][9]
  • marloweth98 on 15 Mar 12
     
    facts
smithree98

Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles - Is Hydrogen the Fuel of the Future? - 1 views

environment.about.com/...fcv.htm

hydrogen fuel all benifits

shared by smithree98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • The benefits of ditching fossil fuels for hydrogen are many, of course. Burning fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to heat and cool our buildings and run our vehicles takes a heavy toll on the environment, contributing significantly to both local problems such as elevated particulate levels and global ones such as a warming climate. The only by-product of running a hydrogen-powered fuel cell is oxygen and a trickle of water, neither of which will cause any harm to human health or the environment.
  • But right now, 95 percent of the hydrogen available in the United States is either extracted from fossil fuels or made using electrolytic processes powered by fossil fuels, thus negating any real emissions savings or reduction in fossil-fuel usage. Only if renewable energy sources—solar, wind and others—can be harnessed to provide the energy to process hydrogen fuel can the dream of a truly clean hydrogen fuel be realized.
  • They concluded that we’d lower greenhouse gas emissions more by driving gasoline/electric hybrid cars than by driving fuel-cell cars run on hydrogen from coal. Hydrogen made using natural gas would fare a little bit better in terms of pollution output, while making it from wind power would be a slam-dunk for the environment.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • many reasons, ranging from safety to cost to lack of demand.
  • Another problem is the lack of hydrogen refueling stations
  • replacing the fossil fuels responsible for global warming and various nagging forms of pollution.
  • they are spending upwards of $1 million to produce each one due to the advanced technology involved and low production runs. Toyota hopes to reduce its costs per fuel-cell vehicle to around $50,000 by 2015
  • smithree98 on 22 Oct 12
     
    says most things about hydrogen and what it does
tillmanash98

Global potential for biodiesel is "enormous" - 0 views

arstechnica.com/...luates-biodiesel-potential.ars

biofuels potential future cost

shared by tillmanash98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • global potential is enormous: over 400 billion liters annually, well more than double the amount of diesel the US burns every year.
    • tillmanash98
      tillmanash98 on 15 Mar 12
       
      COST PER LITER GRAPHIC
dpurdy

Hydrogen Fuel Cells | INTUITECH - Intuitive Technologies - 1 views

intuitech.biz/?p=7666

hydrogen current use

shared by dpurdy on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Thirty-eight nationally recognized companies in the United States, including eleven Fortune 500 corporations, are collectively saving millions of dollars in electricity costs while reducing carbon emissions by tens of thousands of tons per year by using fuel cells, according to a new report by Fuel Cells 2000, a non-profit education and outreach organization. 
dpurdy

Current Fuel Cell Usage - 2 views

evanf01720.tripod.com/id1.html

hydrogen usage current

shared by dpurdy on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Once the costs of production go down, there will be a revolution in the Energy Production Energy, and other industries that act in response such as the Automative Industry. This is because fuels cells are immensely appealing to the populace; with benefits such as no real emmissions, higher efficiency, etc...
stamperdyl98

Fossil Fuel Alternatives for Cars | eHow.com - 0 views

www.ehow.com/il-fuel-alternatives-cars.html

hydrogen cost sustainable

shared by stamperdyl98 on 15 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Hydrogen Hydrogen can be produced domestically through electrolysis (the process of splitting the hydrogen and oxygen particles apart in a water molecule). When used in automobiles, a hydrogen-powered car will emit only water vapor from its tailpipe. Hydrogen vehicles use fuel cells as their source of power, and currently this technology is too expensive for most consumers. If the costs of fuel cell technology and hydrogen production can decrease, hydrogen may become one of the most environmentally friendly and sustainable sources of energy available.
stamperdyl98

Electricity from Fuel Cells - Technology Review - 0 views

www.technologyreview.com/...27010

hydrogen cost

shared by stamperdyl98 on 13 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • because the cost of fuel cells has dropped significantly over the last few years.
dpurdy

The Future of Biofuels: A Global Perspective - Amber Waves-November 2007 - 2 views

www.ers.usda.gov/...Biofuels.htm

biofuels Biomass

shared by dpurdy on 19 Mar 12 - Cached
  • Increased biofuel demand has contributed to higher world food and feed prices.
  • Global biofuel production has tripled from 4.8 billion gallons in 2000 to about 16.0 billion in 2007, but still accounts for less than 3 percent of the global transportation fuel supply.
  • Cellulosic ethanol could raise per acre ethanol yields to more than 1,000 gallons, significantly reducing land requirements. Cellulosic ethanol is made by breaking down the tough cellular material that gives plants rigidity and structure and converting the resulting sugar into ethanol. Cellulose is the world’s most widely available biological material, present in such low-value materials as wood chips and wood waste, fast-growing grasses, crop residues like corn stover, and municipal waste.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • A key interest in developing or expanding biofuel production and use is the environmental benefits, including the potential to reduce emissions, such as greenhouse gases (GHG). An estimated 25 percent of manmade global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, a leading GHG, comes from road transport.
  • Biofuels are theoretically carbon neutral, releasing CO2 recently absorbed from the atmosphere by the crops used to produce them.
  • dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
     
    Future costs and issue with biofuels.
smithree98

Fuel Cell Advantages and Disadvantages - 1 views

www.futurecars.com/...hydrogen_fuellcell_cars2.html

hydrogen fuel benefit advantages disadvantages cell

shared by smithree98 on 19 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Conceptually, replacing the current oil-based infrastructure with hydrogen would cost billions, maybe trillions, of dollars. Although abundant in the universe, hydrogen is fairly rare in our atmosphere, meaning that it has to be extracted (for example through electrolysis, as explained above) and currently, the process is cost prohibitive and inefficient. Its production at energy plants creates excessive carbon dioxide. When it burns, a hydrogen flame is virtually invisible; coupled with the gas’s propensity for escaping, in small amounts, almost any tank, there are concerns about explosions. On the plus side, hydrogen is so light it typically is dispersed in the air very quickly. On-board storage is a major issue; a hydrogen tank would currently be too large for a car. It is a very flammable gas (think of the Hindenburg), which further adds to the on-board storage problems.
  • smithree98 on 24 Oct 12
     
    advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cells
dpurdy

The Hidden Cost of Fossil Fuels | Union of Concerned Scientists - 2 views

www.ucsusa.org/...the-hidden-cost-of-fossil.html

Fossil fuels pollution

shared by dpurdy on 19 Mar 12 - Cached
  • Fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—are America's primary source of energy, accounting for 85 percent of current US fuel use.
  • Many of the environmental problems our country faces today result from our fossil fuel dependence. These impacts include global warming, air quality deterioration, oil spills, and acid rain.
  • Over the last 150 years, burning fossil fuels has resulted in more than a 25 percent increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • limate scientists predict that if carbon dioxide levels continue to increase, the planet will become warmer in the next century.
  • Several important pollutants are produced by fossil fuel combustion: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and hydrocarbons. In addition, total suspended particulates contribute to air pollution, and nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons can combine in the atmosphere to form tropospheric ozone, the major constituent of smog.
  • Finally, fossil fuel use also produces particulates, including dust, soot, smoke, and other suspended matter, which are respiratory irritants.
  • Oil spills, for example, leave waterways and their surrounding shores uninhabitable for some time.
  • Production, transportation, and use of oil can cause water pollution.
  • Sulfur oxides are produced by the oxidization of the available sulfur in a fuel. Utilities that use coal to generate electricity produce two-thirds of the nation's sulfur dioxide emissions. Nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are important constituents of acid rain
  • Hydrocarbons are emitted from human-made sources such as auto and truck exhaust, evaporation of gasoline and solvents, and petroleum refining.
  • Two oxides of nitrogen--nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide--are formed in combustion. Nitrogen oxides appear as yellowish-brown clouds over many city skylines
  • dpurdy on 19 Mar 12
     
    The article we read in class. Use the summary we wrote or refer to this.
dpurdy

Hydrogen cars ready to roll - for a price - US news - Environment - Green Machines - msnbc.com - 0 views

www.msnbc.msn.com/...hydrogen-cars-ready-roll-price

hydrogen cost

shared by dpurdy on 21 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • The cost varies too, from $1 to $20 a kilo. A gallon of gasoline has the same energy content as a kilo of hydrogen, but vehicles using the latter get two to three times higher mileage.
dpurdy

Fuel Cells - Electrochemical Power - 1 views

www.fuelcell.no/applications_mobile_eng.htm

fuel cells history cost

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • One of the first applications for fuel cells based on their advantageous properties was in the US space program.
  • Compared to IC engines, fuel cells have practically no polluting exhaust like NOx and sulphides.
  • It is generally acknowledged that the feasibility and durability of fuel cells in automobiles has been proven. The major focus now is on cost reduction
  • anonymous on 02 Oct 13
     
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dpurdy

HowStuffWorks "How Fuel Cells Work" - 0 views

auto.howstuffworks.com/...fuel-cell5.htm

Hydrogen cost infrastructure

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - Cached
  • CostChief among the problems associated with fuel cells is how expensive they are. Many of the component pieces of a fuel cell are costly.
  • InfrastructureIn order for PEMFC vehicles to become a viable alternative for consumers, there must be a hydrogen generation and delivery infrastructure. This infrastructure might include pipelines, truck transport, fueling stations and hydrogen generation plants
  • anonymous on 28 Sep 13
     
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dpurdy

Fuel Cells 2000 : Hydrogen : Basics - 1 views

www.fuelcells.org/...basics.html

Hydrogen cost

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - Cached
  • How much will Hydrogen fuel cost? The U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen, Fuel Cells & Infrastructure Technologies Program is working to achieve the following goals: By 2005, the technology will be available to produce hydrogen at the pump for $3.00 per gallon gasoline equivalent, and DOE wants to validate this technology by 2008.  By 2010, the price goal is $1.50 per gallon of gasoline equivalent (untaxed) at the station. Even $3 a gallon would save most of us money, since FCVs will be two to three times more efficient than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.  If all the goals are met, FCVs offer the promise of energy at $1 a gallon - or less! 
crandallchr98

Fuel Cell Markets - Advantages & Benefits of Fuel Cell & Hydrogen Technologies - 2 views

www.fuelcellmarkets.com/...5,1,1,663.html

what pollution hydrogen wind how cost potential location sustainable future

shared by crandallchr98 on 03 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Advantages by Application Telecoms CHP Fuel Cell Generators Electric Vehicles - APU's and Range Extenders Fuel Cell Forklifts Marine Power Portable Power
  • Low Emissions – Using hydrogen, PEM fuel cells only emit water at the point of use. Even when using hydrocarbon fuels, fuel cells emit considerably less emissions than other combustion based technologies, this is for two reasons. Firstly their higher efficiency means they require less fuel to generate the same energy and secondly because there is no combustion, there are negligible NOx or SOx emissions and no particulate emissions.
  • Reliability & Maintenance – The only moving parts in fuel cells are involved with water, heat and air management (pumps, blowers, compressors). When compared to internal combustion engines, there are considerably less moving parts and these require less maintenance (no oil changes every 150 hours). Less maintenance means less site visits or trips to the garage and reduced operating costs. Fuel cells can be monitored remotely and any problems dealt with quickly.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • Few moving parts means all you will ever hear of a fuel cell is either a compressor, blower or pump
  • Hydrogen is the lightest of all gases and disperses very quickly, it is also non-polluting and hazardous to the surrounding environment (unlike gasoline a spillage / leak will not cause an environmental disaster). Hydrogen, like natural gas and petrol, is a fuel and will burn when ignited. Hydrogen is only explosive when it is able to build up in a enclosed space, which is very difficult as it has a habit of escaping (hydrogen is the smallest of all elements). As long as appropriate safety procedures are followed, as they should with any fuel, hydrogen is a safe fuel.
  • crandallchr98 on 15 Mar 12
     
    Advantages & Benefits of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies High Efficiency - Like generators and other engines, fuel cells are energy conversion devices - they convert stored energy within a fuel into usable energy. A fuel cell uses an electrochemical reaction to extract energy directly in the form of heat and electricity, both of which can be utilised at the point of generation.
dpurdy

Energy Resources: Solar power - 0 views

home.clara.net/...solar.htm

solar how advantage disadvantage

shared by dpurdy on 03 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Advantages
  • Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.
  • Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights and battery chargers, or for helping your home energy bills.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Disadvantages
  • Very expensive to build solar power stations, although the cost is coming down as technology improves. In the meantime, solar cells cost a great deal compared to the amount of electricity they'll produce in their lifetime.
  • Is it renewable? Solar power is renewable. The Sun will keep on shining anyway, so it makes sense to use it.
dpurdy

Geothermal Energy Policy -- Energy Plan USA - 0 views

www.energyplanusa.com/geothermal_energy_plan.htm

geothermal potential future

shared by dpurdy on 08 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • According to the government, geothermal has the potential to supply the United States with 20% of our electricity needs.
  • The capital cost of geothermal development is expensive, however; 2/3rds are drilling costs. Yet as we overcome some of these technology challenges and make the process more standardized it is believed that geothermal can supply up to 20% of the United States electricity needs by 2050. But innovation and investment in initial steps need to happen now.
  • anonymous on 05 Oct 13
     
    today hindi news,today news talmi,hindi news www.killdo.de.gg
sokolkyl00

Solar Power - Advantages and Disadvantages - Sustainable Development Information - 0 views

www.sustainabledevelopmentinfo.com/r-advantages-and-disadvantages

solar sustainable

shared by sokolkyl00 on 20 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • By converting the power of the sun into electricity, solar energy is clean, green, will never run out and, after the initial cost of the solar panels, is entirely free
  • The sun is constant – it will always be there and is therefore a reliable, utterly renewable source of energy.
  • As it does not rely on the burning of harmful fuels to generate electricity, solar power is non-polluting – it does not contribute to global warming or greenhouse gas emissions.
kilburnzac00

How Solar Works | Solar Panel Installation Los Angeles - 0 views

www.gosolarcenter.com/How-Solar-Works.aspx

sustainable co2 cost solar

shared by kilburnzac00 on 23 Sep 13 - No Cached
  • Solar energy is an infinitely renewable resource that uses the sun's rays to generate electricity for use in your home. By going solar, you can reduce your energy costs and lower your dependence on fossil fuels, thereby making your own contribution to a cleaner environment. Generally, the solar energy systems we use work as follows:
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