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A Pure-Python library built as a PDF toolkit. It is capable of: extracting document information (title, author, ...), splitting documents page by page, merging documents page by page, cropping pages, merging multiple pages into a single page, encrypting and decrypting PDF files. By being Pure-Python, it should run on any Python platform without any dependencies on external libraries. It can also work entirely on StringIO objects rather than file streams, allowing for PDF manipulation in memory. It is therefore a useful tool for websites that manage or manipulate PDFs.

Here's what new-style classes have to offer: Properties: Attributes that are defined by get/set methods Static methods and class methods The new __getattribute__ hook, which, unlike __getattr__, is called for every attribute access, not just when the attribute can't be found in the instance Descriptors: A protocol to define the behavior of attribute access through objects Overriding the constructor __new__ Metaclasses (not discussed)

Few programming languages provide direct support for graphs as a data type, and Python is no exception. However, graphs are easily built out of lists and dictionaries. For instance, here's a simple graph (I can't use drawings in these columns, so I write down the graph's arcs):