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Here's what new-style classes have to offer: Properties: Attributes that are defined by get/set methods Static methods and class methods The new __getattribute__ hook, which, unlike __getattr__, is called for every attribute access, not just when the attribute can't be found in the instance Descriptors: A protocol to define the behavior of attribute access through objects Overriding the constructor __new__ Metaclasses (not discussed)

Few programming languages provide direct support for graphs as a data type, and Python is no exception. However, graphs are easily built out of lists and dictionaries. For instance, here's a simple graph (I can't use drawings in these columns, so I write down the graph's arcs):

Various Web surfing tasks that I regularly perform could be made much easier, and less tedious, if I could only use Python to fetch the HTML pages and to process them, yielding the information I really need. In this document I attempt to describe HTML processing in Python using readily available tools and libraries.

Document options Document options requiring JavaScript are not displayed Rate this pageHelp us improve this contentLevel: IntroductoryDavid Mertz (mertz@gnosis.cx), Applied Metaphysician, Gnosis Software, Inc. 01 Mar 2001Although users usually think of Python as a procedural and object-oriented language, it actually contains everything you need for a completely functional approach to programming. This article discusses general concepts of functional programming, and illustrates ways of implementing functional techniques in Python. We'd better start with the hardest question: "What is functional programming (FP), anyway?" One answer would be to say that FP is what you do when you program in languages like Lisp, Scheme, Haskell, ML, OCAML, Clean, Mercury, or Erlang (or a few others). That is a safe answer, but not one that clarifies very much. Unfortunately, it is hard to get a consistent opinion on just what FP is, even from functional programmers themselves. A story about elephants and blind men seems apropos here. It is also safe to contrast FP with "imperative programming" (what you do in languages like C, Pascal, C++, Java, Perl, Awk, TCL, and most others, at least for the most part).

Metaclass programming in PythonPushing object-oriented programming to the next level

New to AOP? You may find this "Introduction to Aspect-Oriented Programming" (PDF) by Ken Wing Kuen Lee of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology interesting.

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