Thanks for posting this Heather, I found it useful in clarifying what is/isnt theory, and differentiating between theories that get referred to as weak or strong
This has been a useful short article for me - research philosophy is something that I "struggle" to get to grips with. Decided to spend Xmas trying(!) to understand it all...
The purpose of science is simply to stick to what we can
observe and measure. Knowledge of anything beyond that, a positivist would hold, is
impossible.
We use deductive reasoning to postulate theories that we
can test.
The
positivist believed in empiricism -- the idea that observation and measurement was
the core of the scientific endeavor.
post-positivism is a wholesale rejection of the central tenets of positivism
One of the most common forms of post-positivism is a philosophy called critical
realism.
Positivists were also realists. The difference is that the post-positivist critical
realist recognizes that all observation is fallible and has error and that all theory is
revisable.
the critical realist is critical of our ability to know
reality with certainty
Because all measurement is fallible, the
post-positivist emphasizes the importance of multiple measures and observations, each of
which may possess different types of error, and the need to use triangulation
across these multiple errorful sources to try to get a better bead on what's happening in
reality.
The post-positivist also believes that all observations are theory-laden and that
scientists (and everyone else, for that matter) are inherently biased by their cultural
experiences, world views, and so on.
post-positivism rejects the relativist idea of the incommensurability
of different perspectives, the idea that we can never understand each other because we
come from different experiences and cultures.
Most post-positivists are constructivists
who believe that we each construct our view of the world based on our perceptions of it.
Because perception and observation is fallible, our constructions must be imperfect.
Post-positivists reject the idea that any individual can see the world
perfectly as it really is. We are all biased and all of our observations are affected
(theory-laden). Our best hope for achieving objectivity is to triangulate across multiple
fallible perspectives!
Research project on using CHAT, Cultural Historical Activity Theory, in a project about library programmes, showing the steps in using the methodology.