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With OSI, each layer is encapsulated from the others, allowing new technologies to replace older ones without disrupting the system as a whole. In this exercise, humans operated layer 1, the physical layer, where the bits are physically moved from one system to another. To the two computers communicating, however, it made no difference that people were conveying the bits back and forth with their xylophones. "With a properly configured network interface and operating system, an application does not know -- and does not need to know -- the logistics of what is known as the physical layer,"

Typically, it takes about 15 minutes to transmit a single packet at this rate -- if the volunteer is patient enough to complete a whole packet, and doesn't hit any wrong notes in the process. Such dedication and proficiency has turned out to be a rarity in trials, however. "Humans are really terrible interfaces,"

As an LED lights up, the human participant strikes the corresponding key on the xylophone. Piezo sensors are attached to each xylophone, so that they are able to sense when a note is played on the other xylophone. The Arduino for the receiving computer senses the note and then converts it back into hexadecimal code. And when the second computer sends a return packet, the order of operations is reversed.

Broadly speaking, metadata is simply a structured description of something else. The most popular example of metadata comes from the library catalog. Each book has a title, author, call number, publisher, ISBN etc. listed in the online catalog. These elements comprise the book’s metadata, and there are rules to make sure that things are standardized.

HP has unveiled an all-in-one thin client capable of being powered by an Ethernet cable. HP claims the t410 AiO is the first all-in-one thin client that supports the 802.3at Type 1 Power over Ethernet (PoE) standard, which means it is capable of drawing its power from a network connection.Although the thin client can run off standard AC power using a DC adapter, it can also be powered by its Gigabit Ethernet port (which drops to 10/100 when using PoE). It draws just 13 Watts of power.

 Get 10 percent of the homes in your area to sign up for service — it takes a $10 deposit — and Google will eventually hook you up. • Meet that quota by Sept. 9, or the network will fly around you. And if Google does come to your neighborhood, you’ll have just once chance for installation.

The State of America’s Libraries Report for 2011 notes that library visitation per capita and circulation per capita have both increased in the past 10 years.

“In general, libraries embraced the internet right away,” says Raphael. “And not just to provide computers for patrons. They recognized that it became a new tool for librarians.”

All of which suggests that close to 300,000 people could have just seen their personal, non-Yahoo e-mail accounts compromised as well as their Yahoo accounts.

To be on the safe side, if you have a Yahoo ID, you should assume it's no longer secure and change its password. (I just did, and I've never visited Yahoo's contributor-network site until today.) Yahoo is also changing the passwords of affected users. You should, however, also change other passwords if: You've used the same password for any other major service -- particularly for sensitive accounts such as banking, investing, or e-mail. You've ever signed into Yahoo or Associated Content with a non-Yahoo e-mail address.

Of course, they could look for a username that sounds like you in the list of 8 million LinkedIn and EHarmony logins and then just use the password published there, or the ones posted following the hack of 77 million user accounts at Sony or the 130 million credit-card accounts taken from the clearinghouse that processes your credit card payments, or tens of thousands lost by a New York electric utility or the California government services agency you thought was unquestionably trustworthy or the 24 million emails and user names swiped from Zappos or almost anywhere else.

you should use a different highly secure password at every site you use.

That way, no matter what web-site login database is breached next, your loss can be limited to only the information (or money) on that one site,