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This technique especially helps novice users quickly grasp how your application works. Folders are a classic software metaphor. People file things in folders in the real world, so they immediately understand the idea of putting data into folders on a computer.

iPhone OS users enjoy a heightened sense of direct manipulation because of the Multi-Touch interface. Using gestures, people feel a greater affinity for, and sense of control over, the objects they see on screen, because they do not use any intermediate device (such as a mouse) to manipulate them.

An iPhone application is better than a person at remembering lists of options, commands, data, and so on. Take advantage of this by presenting choices or options in list form, so users can easily scan them and make a choice. Keeping text input to a minimum frees users from having to spend a lot of time typing and frees your application from having to perform a lot of error checking. Presenting choices to the user, instead of asking for more open-ended input, also allows them to concentrate on accomplishing tasks with your application, instead of remembering how to operate it.

Your application should respond to every user action with some visible change.

Keep actions simple and straightforward so users can easily understand and remember them

Whenever possible, use standard controls and behaviors that users are already familiar with.

appearance has a strong impact on functionality: An application that appears cluttered or illogical is hard to understand and use.

Aesthetic integrity is not a measure of how beautiful your application is. It’s a measure of how well the appearance of your application integrates with its function. For example, a productivity application should keep decorative elements subtle and in the background, while giving prominence to the task by providing standard controls and behaviors.

An immersive application is at the other end of the spectrum, and users expect a beautiful appearance that promises fun and encourages discovery.

appearance still needs to integrate with the task.

That won’t happen.

None of these factors, however, can sustain strong growth past 2010 without a self-sustaining cycle of private spending and income growth. Several obstacles stand in the way of that transition. Through to mid-2009 households had lost $12 trillion, or 19% of their wealth, because of the collapse in house and stock prices. That saps their purchasing power and pushes them to save more, especially those nearing retirement. Though they’ll boost their saving only gradually, that still means consumer spending (about 70% of GDP) will grow more slowly than income, after two decades in which it usually grew more quickly. High unemployment will hold back wage gains (see chart); wage cuts are already commonplace. Leaving aside swings in energy prices, inflation, now about 1.5%, will slip to zero and may turn to deflation in late 2010. Deflation drives up real debt burdens, further sapping consumer spending.

The government won’t let any more big banks fail, but the survivors are neither inclined nor able to expand their lending much. Residential- and commercial-property values fell by $8 trillion, or almost 20%, through to mid-2009, impairing existing loans and eroding the collateral for new ones. Regulators are also proposing to raise capital requirements, which will further encourage bankers to turn down borrowers.

the rest of the world isn’t big or healthy enough, and a steeply falling dollar would inflict deflationary harm on others.

The list of roadblocks is depressing, but America will not slip back into recession or a lost decade akin to Japan’s in the 1990s. It did not enter its crisis with as much overinvestment as others, Japan in particular; its population is still growing (Japan’s is shrinking). It took two years to tackle its banks’ problems; Japan took seven. Boom times will be back. Just not very soon.

"I'd be really concerned about corporate ideals taking precedence over a non-profit's mission, and I would be equally concerned about the stigma of government money sometimes really limiting what you can do. How can you promote the real, true essence of a non-profit's mission with the restrictions that a corporation or a government might put on that?"

Bryan Ayers, CEO of Great Barrington-based Community Health Programs, said the bonds would offer a new way to fund long-term community-based prevention and health programs, but that to be truly effective investment groups must be willing to wait for results.