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There is an increasing interest in developing innovative coatings and testing natural products with anti-fouling activity to substitute current highly toxic biocides that have a harmful impact on marine organisms. Bacillus licheniformis species have shown different anti-biofilm and anti-fouling activities in vitro, but so far, its efficacy in field trials has not been tested. For this purpose, the capacity of different extracts of B. licheniformis NCTC 10341T to prevent micro and macro-fouling was first tested in vitro. The methanol cell extract (MCE) inhibited bacterial biofilm formation without significantly affecting planktonic growth and displayed a significant efficacy to prevent larval settlement of the macro-fouler Bugula neritina in vitro without inducing lethality. Additionally, the MCE presented low toxicity against the non-target species Artemia salina. The B. licheniformis MCE was then incorporated in a self-polishing paint at 2 and 5% w/w and tested in a static immersion experiment in the Gulf of Aqaba (northern Red Sea) for 180 days. Fouling coverage decreased by 30% in the 5% MCE-treated panels in comparison with the control panels. Differences in the anti-biofilm activity of the extracts depending on the culture medium highlight the importance of the strict control of culture conditions for the production of biomass with stable bioactive activity. The results indicate the potential of B. licheniformis NCTC 10341T crude extracts for environmentally friendly anti-fouling applications, although a deeper characterization of the bioactive compounds present in the B. licheniformis MCE and its mode of action is required to allow strict control of the activity of the extracts to achieve large-scale industrial production.

The rapid development of digital economy promotes the transformation and upgrading of China's shipping fields. Among them, the international shipping anti-monopoly legal system is one of the important contents of China's shipping legislation. In the era of digital economy, it is difficult for the existing system to better regulate the international liner shipping market with shipping alliance as the core. Countries have re-examined the anti-monopoly legal regulation system of international shipping. As both a major shipping and trading country, it is urgent for China to improve its shipping legislation with the anti-monopoly system as its core. In order to cope with the new pattern of shipping alliance in the era of digital economy, we should learn from the advanced experience of international shipping legislation, base on the perspective of China's shipping economic development and our own needs, and make effective exploration from the aspects of coordinating the development of digital economy and shipping management mechanism, improving shipping supervision ability and accelerating the improvement of shipping legal system with Chinese Characteristics.

Denmark Launches New Anti-Piracy Strategy.

Denmark Launches New Anti-Piracy Strategy.

Watch: Anti-Terror Boat Stopping Technology in Action.

NATO ends anti-piracy operation; Seychelles to continue to monitor sea threats.

Départ de la 25ᵉ flottille d'escorte anti-piraterie.

Two Japanese destroyers and two maritime patrol aircraft will continue their anti-piracy mission into 2017.

Regional Anti-Piracy Chief in Somalia Says He's Been Fired Over Illegal Fishing Comments.

Germany approves expansion of EU anti-piracy mission.

Seychelles appeals for more anti-piracy measures.

International anti-piracy force says nabbed 9 Somali pirates.

'Chinese out!' cry anti-canal protesters in Nicaragua.

EU-funded researchers are working on cost-effective anti-fouling coatings for boats and marine infrastructure that are better for the environment.

EU-funded researchers are working on cost-effective anti-fouling coatings for boats and marine infrastructure that are better for the environment.

Le BPC mistral en patrouille anti-piraterie avec le Centinela dans le Golfe de Guinée.

UK loses EU anti-piracy missions to France and Spain.

St Helena's cherished lifeline ship to return as anti-piracy armoury

Refugee rescue boat sent to help far-right anti-immigrant ship stranded in Mediterranean with mechanical failure.

Crew of anti-migrant boat held in Cyprus over 'people-smuggling'.

Somalia: Puntland President sacks the director of anti-piracy agency.

Anti-migrant crew members land in Malta, ending troubled mission.