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Ann Marie Hickey

Global Warming and its Effect on Marine Populations - 0 views

geography.about.com/...globalmarine.htm

global warming marine ecosystems climate change

shared by Ann Marie Hickey on 09 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • As air temperatures rise, water becomes less dense and separates from a nutrient-filled cold layer below. This is the basis for a chain effect that impacts all marine life who count on these nutrients for survival.
    • Ann Marie Hickey
      Ann Marie Hickey on 09 Nov 11
       
      global warming
  • Changes in natural habitats and food supply Changing ocean chemistry/acidification
  • If some organisms cannot adapt to their new marine environment, they will not flourish and die off.
    • Ann Marie Hickey
      Ann Marie Hickey on 09 Nov 11
       
      Organisms will go extinct at at much more rapid rate due to change in climate extremes resulting from global warming.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • According to the World Wildlife Fund, a small increase of two degrees Celsius would destroy almost all existing coral reefs.
    • Ann Marie Hickey
      Ann Marie Hickey on 09 Nov 11
       
      Great Barrier Reef-millions of different species of marine organisms and animals; millions of different extinct species from climate change along with fishing and pollution.
Anna Grisham

European Commission - Climate Action - Adaptation to climate change - Marine - 0 views

ec.europa.eu/...marine_en.htm

climate change marine soil intrusion impact sea APES

shared by Anna Grisham on 09 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • flooding and erosion, salt intrusion and freshwater shortage, and the gradual loss of coastal ecosystems. Extreme weather and natural disasters will also threaten coastal populations and businesses.
    • Anna Grisham
      Anna Grisham on 09 Nov 11
       
      Such climate change will cause disruptions in marine ecosystems as well as populations on land. Salt intrusion taints drinking freshwater and makes it undrinkable. The erosion and the climate changes will hurt the marine life by increasing the salinization of the water and  harm temperature-sensitive species. The natural disasters will harm the species by physically disrupting their habitats.
  • Changes in regional sea temperatures have already lead to shifts in the distribution of plankton. As the main food source in most marine ecosystems, the availability of plankton has knock-on effects for the entire marine food chain and all species, large or small.
    • Anna Grisham
      Anna Grisham on 09 Nov 11
       
      Since plankton is at the beginning of the food chain, the disruption of its population has repercussions on every level. The ocean is experiencing thermal expansion, which also causes a rise in sea level. The change in the temperatures hurt this marine species.
  • Higher CO2 levels in the atmosphere are already bringing about a decline in the calcification rate of corals and in the future could pass a threshold where reef building is no longer possible.
    • Anna Grisham
      Anna Grisham on 09 Nov 11
       
      CO2 levels are definitely increasing in the atmosphere which evidently effects marine life. This CO2 could potentially hurt the development of reefs. CO2 levels are connected to climate change.
  • Anna Grisham on 09 Nov 11
     
    Impact of climate change on marine ecosystems
Carrie Coffee

Marine Climate Change Impacts - 0 views

www.sahfos.ac.uk/...openoceans.html

shared by Carrie Coffee on 09 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • Changes caused by increased warming on marine biological communities are likely to have important consequences on ecological structure and function thereby leading to significant feedbacks on the Earth's climate system
  • Northern Hemisphere Temperature (NHT) trends and variations in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. These have included changes in species distribution and abundance, the occurrence of sub-tropical species in temperate waters, changes in overall phytoplankton biomass and season length, changes in the North Sea ecosystem, community shifts, phenological changes and changes in species interaction
  • These have included changes in species distribution and abundance, the occurrence of sub-tropical species in temperate waters, changes in overall phytoplankton biomass and season length, changes in the North Sea ecosystem, community shifts, phenological changes and changes in species interaction
    • Carrie Coffee
      Carrie Coffee on 09 Nov 11
       
      Warming of the oceans is causing change to all biological functions of the ocean. The distribution of animals is being effected, along with the seasons and ecosystem interactions
Tayler Robertson

Marine life facing mass extinction - 0 views

articles.cnn.com/...nction-coral-reefs-marine-life

extinction coral reefs CNN

shared by Tayler Robertson on 08 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • "The rate of change we are seeing in the quantities of carbon dioxide going into the atmosphere and then being absorbed into the oceans is so great that it is difficult to compare what is happening now with what has happened in the past but we do know that past disturbances in the carbon cycle have been a feature of mass extinction events."
    • Elle Milkes
      Elle Milkes on 08 Nov 11
       
      Marine Ecosystems need a certain type of environment to thrive. Recently, Marine Ecosystems are receiving a ton of Carbon Dioxide Emissions which relate to The Atmosphere Lecture notes. Carbon Dioxide is 1% of our earth's atmosphere so if Marine Ecosystems are receiving too much Carbon Dioxide, the balance of the atmosphere/ocean could be disturbed causing extinction.
  • caused by the "deadly trio" of global warming, ocean acidification and lack of water oxygen or hypoxia.It states that these three factors are present in the ocean today and gives examples of marine ecosystems suffering severe disturbance
    • Elle Milkes
      Elle Milkes on 08 Nov 11
       
      Global Warming can have detrimental effects on Marine Ecosystems by causing disturbances in the natural life cycle. Global Warming in our APES notes causes sea levels to rise by melting ice caps and by thermal expansion. The melting of ice caps would cause some marine animal's ecosystems to become destroyed which could cause more extinction.
  • global warming, pollution and habitat loss, with a high risk of "major extinctions" according to a panel of experts.
  • ...15 more annotations...
    • Tayler Robertson
      Tayler Robertson on 09 Nov 11
       
      different threats being posed towards marine life
  • examined the combined effects of pollution, acidification, ocean warming, over-fishing and depleting levels of oxygen in the water.
    • Tayler Robertson
      Tayler Robertson on 09 Nov 11
       
      meeting of distinguished marine scientists meet at Oxford to discuss the combined effects of pollution, acidification, ocean warming, over-fishing, and depleting levels of oxygen in the water.
  • oceanic conditions are similar to those of "previous major extinctions of species in Earth's history," and that we face losing marine species and entire marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs, within a single generation.
    • Tayler Robertson
      Tayler Robertson on 09 Nov 11
       
      oceanic conditions are not good right now! we risk losing coral reefs 
  • speed of decline of marine ecosystems is faster than predicted.
    • Tayler Robertson
      Tayler Robertson on 09 Nov 11
       
      global warming/thermal expansion playing a huge role in ecosystem destruction
  • "The rate of change we are seeing in the quantities of carbon dioxide going into the atmosphere and then being absorbed into the oceans is so great that it is difficult to compare what is happening now with what has happened in the past but we do know that past disturbances in the carbon cycle have been a feature of mass extinction events."
    • Tayler Robertson
      Tayler Robertson on 09 Nov 11
       
      "deadly trio" of effects
  • global warming, ocean acidification and lack of water oxygen or hypoxia.
  • "coral bleaching" in 1998 that killed 16% of all the world's tropical coral reefs.
  • over-fishing
  • "The challenges for the future of the ocean are vast, but unlike previous generations we know what now needs to happen. The time to protect the blue heart of our planet is now, today and urgent."
  • describe oceans as the earth's circulatory system, performing numerous vital functions which make the planet habitable, such as creating more than half our oxygen, driving weather systems while modulating the atmosphere, as well as providing us with vital resources.
    • Tayler Robertson
      Tayler Robertson on 09 Nov 11
       
      ocean anology
  • Elle Milkes on 08 Nov 11
     
    Effects of Global Warming on Marine Ecosystems
  • Tayler Robertson on 09 Nov 11
     
    CNN World report that global warming, pollution, and habitat loss are threatening marine ecosystems.
Makenna Kallman

EarthTrends: Feature - Nutrient Overload: Unbalancing the Global Nitrogen Cycle - 0 views

earthtrends.wri.org/...view_feature.php

Marine Ecosystems APES

shared by Makenna Kallman on 09 Nov 11 - No Cached
    • Makenna Kallman
      Makenna Kallman on 09 Nov 11
       
      excessive nitrogen is a growing problem
  • Driven by a massive increase in the use of fertilizer, the burning of fossil fuels, and a surge in land clearing and deforestation, the amount of nitrogen available for uptake at any given time has more than doubled since the 1940s.
    • Makenna Kallman
      Makenna Kallman on 09 Nov 11
       
      excessive nitrogen is a growing problem for aquatic and marine ecosystems and has doubled
  • coastal rivers in the northeastern United States and northern Europe are receiving as much as 20 times the natural amount from both agricultural and airborne sources (Vitousek et al. 1997:10).
    • Makenna Kallman
      Makenna Kallman on 09 Nov 11
       
      20x statistic geography affected by this increase in released nitrogen
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Excess nitrogen can also wreak havoc with the structure of ecosystems, affecting the number and kind of species found.
  • aquatic ecosystems in lakes, rivers, and coastal estuaries have probably suffered the most so far. They are the ultimate receptacles of much of the nutrient overload, which tends to accumulate in runoff or to be delivered directly in the form of raw or treated sewage. (Sewage is very high in nitrogen from protein in the human diet.) In these aquatic systems, excess nitrogen can often stimulate the growth of algae and other plants. When this extra plant matter dies and decays, it can rob the water of its dissolved oxygen, suffocating many aquatic organisms.
    • Makenna Kallman
      Makenna Kallman on 09 Nov 11
       
      nitrogen affects marine species
  • One of the more troubling aspects of this nutrient assault on aquatic systems has been a steady rise in toxic algal blooms, which can take a heavy toll on fish, seabirds, and marine mammals (Anderson 1994:62–68).
    • Makenna Kallman
      Makenna Kallman on 09 Nov 11
       
      extremely important fact nutrient overload>excessive plants>plants take up dissolved oxygen>affects aquatic life
Megan Ghrist

Marine Ecosystems | Biological Indicators of Watershed Health | US EPA - 0 views

www.epa.gov/...marine.html

shared by Megan Ghrist on 09 Nov 11 - No Cached
    • Megan Ghrist
      Megan Ghrist on 09 Nov 11
       
      The average salinity in the oceans is approximately 3.5%. The more dense the salt in the water, the more dense the water is for its supporting life ecosystems. The composition of the salinity within the water contains: 1.9% chloride salts 1.1% sodium salts .3% sulfate salts .1% magnesium salts .04% calcium salts .04% potassium salts .01% hydrocarbonate salts Nitrogen and phosphorous are important nutrients for sustaining plant and animal life within marine ecosystems, so the salinity and nutrients are very important factors to consider.
  • hese species require more constant levels of salinity, forcing them to either migrate to new areas when fluctuations in salinity levels occur or to seek out areas where salinity change is minimal
    • Megan Ghrist
      Megan Ghrist on 09 Nov 11
       
      These estuaries are bodies of water that allow rivers to flow into the ocean. Typically in shallow, warm waters, the freshwater and ocean water will often mix, causing the salinity of the water to fluctuate due to runoffs, tides, and seasons in the environment. The salinity not only effects the plant growth of the marine ecosystem but also the diversity of specie's populations.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • In areas such as estuaries, tidal marshes, and mangrove forests, tidal and freshwater influences from river and streams makes it necessary for marine organisms to adapt to a wide range of salinity levels.
    • Megan Ghrist
      Megan Ghrist on 09 Nov 11
       
      The depth zones of the ocean are an important factor to consider, because the the euphotic zone (the uppermost layer) is not only the warmest but also contains the highest levels of dissolved oxygen, which effects the marine ecosystems plant life. Without the euphotic zone, the plant life within the marine ecosystem is unable to produce dissolved oxygen for living organisms, so this depth layer is an important layer due to the amount of oxygen that is produced from the photosynthesis that occurs in the phytoplankton. 
  • Like other aquatic ecosystems, marine ecosystems require nutrients and light to produce food and energy.
  • Marine ecosystems contain several unique qualities that set them apart from other aquatic ecosystems, the key factor being the presence of dissolved compounds in seawater, particularly salts.
  • However, the amount of light penetrating the ocean surface tends to decrease with increasing water depth, therefore photosynthesis can only take place within a small band near the surface of the water (called the photic zone).
  • estuaries and marshes are often rich in nutrients
    • Megan Ghrist
      Megan Ghrist on 09 Nov 11
       
      Upwellings within the ocean are important because they bring cold nutrient rich bottom water to the surface, providing nutrients for living organisms in photic regions within the marine ecosystem. These circulations, either surface or deep water currents, support the food chain.
  • increased human activities such as overfishing, coastal development, pollution, and the introduction of exotic species have caused significant damage and pose a serious threat to marine biodiversity
    • Megan Ghrist
      Megan Ghrist on 09 Nov 11
       
      Due to the effects of global warming, thermal expansion is a subject that needs to be addressed. It has many damaging effects on the marine ecosystem, including: slowing of circulation (which brings nutrients), faster melting of glaciers (effects habitats within the ecosystem), and messes with the carbon cycle ( which releases more methane into the atmosphere). A lot of issues concerning global ocean problems which may effect marine ecosystems are the erosion, salt water intrusion into aquifers and low lying areas, and increased flooding as well as storm damage. 
Macey McCarty

Global Warming Threatens Ocean Ecosystems - 0 views

www.ens-newswire.com/...2002-08-14-06.asp

global warming

shared by Macey McCarty on 08 Nov 11 - No Cached
    • Macey McCarty
      Macey McCarty on 08 Nov 11
       
      Increase in Green House Gas effect relates to global warming unit. Humans will helps the temperature change in oceans.
  • decades due to the warming influence of human caused increases in greenhouse gas emissions.
  • alteration of species distributions in ways that may lead to major changes in their interactions with other species, and modifications in the flow of energy and cycling of materials within ecosystems,
    • Macey McCarty
      Macey McCarty on 08 Nov 11
       
      Flow of energy will change as species die down which will corrupt natural food and energy cycles.
    • Macey McCarty
      Macey McCarty on 08 Nov 11
       
      The flow of energy will change as species die down which will corrupt natural food and energy cycles.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • wetlands, estuaries and coral reefs are particularly vulnerable to climate change, the report concludes. Such ecosystems are among the most biologically productive environments in the world,
    • Macey McCarty
      Macey McCarty on 08 Nov 11
       
      relates to aquifers--says wetlands, estuaries, and coral reefs will be vulnerable because of their location.
  • influence the metabolism of marine species, and alter ecological processes such as productivity and species interactions, the researchers said.
    • Macey McCarty
      Macey McCarty on 08 Nov 11
       
      Marine Ecosystems will be altered and the metabolism of marine species will affect productivity.
  • Rising sea levels could inundate coastal marshes, forcing coastlines further inland and in many cases, eliminating marsh habitats. (Photo by Mary Hollinger, courtesy NOAA)
    • Macey McCarty
      Macey McCarty on 08 Nov 11
       
      Sea levels (caused by the warming of oceans) push coastlines further inland which can destroy marsh habitats.
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