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Do You Know - How Many Letters Does the Hawaiian Alphabet Have? Answer: Hawaiian alphabet has 12 letters. History and Overview of Hawaiian Language: The Hawaiian language was an oral tradition. The Hawaiian alphabet (piapa), was written by missionaries in 19th century. The alphabet contains 12 letters: 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 7 consonants (h, k, l, m, n, p, w). To simplify pronunciation, sound consonants as in English and break up words so they are easy to say e.g., Waianapanapa sounds like Wai-a-napa-napa.

Hierarchy is a collection of items. Items being represent as above and beneath in hierarchy or sometimes at the same stage as one another. Theoretically, a hierarchy can be replicated technically as a originate ranking; the origin ranking forms the upper stage and the broods of a certain highest point are at the same stage, beneath their frequent parent. A hierarchy can connect body units whichever vertically or horizontally and directly or indirectly. Direct connections of the hierarchy insofar as they are hierarchical are to individual superior or to any of individual subordinates, while a structure which is mostly hierarchical can also contain different hierarchies.

This is a brief discussion on data encapsulation according to Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Exam. Let me start; when a host sends out data on a network to receiving device, the data travels from first to last in encapsulation form. It is covered with protocol information at every layer of the OSI model. Each layer communicates just with its neighbor layers on the receiving device. Every layer works with Protocol Data units (PDUs) to converse the information. PDUs grasp the control information fasten to the data at each layer of the OSI model. They are normally fasten to the header in front of the data field but can also be attached in the trailer or end of it. Every Protocol Data unit (PDU) fixes to the data by encapsulating it at every layer of the OSI model and each has a particular name (depending on the information provided in each header). On the receiving device, every neighbor layer just can read this PDU information. And after reading this information is stripped off and then the data is handed to the next upper layer.

For connecting your PC to Cisco Router or Switch using HyperTerminal, firstly you need to connect your PC to Router or Switch by using of Rollover/Rolled Ethernet cable. Now you can start Hyper-Terminal to establish a console connection and configure the device. Configure the device as I said bellow:

Rollover or Rolled Ethernet cable doesn't use to connect any Ethernet connections together. While, Rollover Ethernet cable can be use to connect a workstation to a router console serial communication (corn) port and workstation to a switch console. So, Rollover or Rolled Ethernet cable used to connect a workstation to the console port of a router or switch. We can use this cable to connect HyperTerminal running PC to the Cisco hardware (router or switch)'s console. Eight wires are used in this cable to connect serial devices, but not all eight are used to send information, like in Ethernet networking. The following image describes the eight wires used in a rolled cable.

The crossover Ethernet cable used to connect Switch to switch, Hub to hub, Host to host, Hub to switch and Router direct to host. Like straight-through cable the same four wires used in this Crossover cable. In the following image you will find, how the four wires are used in a Crossover Ethernet cable. Unlike Straight-Through Ethernet cable, here we connect pins 1 to 3 and 2 to 6 on each side of the cable.

Here you will come to know how to make Straight-Through cable. Straight-Through Cable is a network cable that used to connect a computer to a network device such as hub, switch, routers, host to switch or hub and router to switch or hub. Below is a diagram taken from the "Cisco Networking Academy Program CCNA" of how to properly match the cable wiring when creating a straight through cable? If you hold the cable in a "U" shape the first diagram would show you the proper way to match the wires on the left side of the "U" and the second diagram would show you the proper way to match the wires on the right side of the "U". This is the easier kind of cable to wire because the left wire mapping is the same as the right.

The Ethernet cable is being using on wired network. This is the most popular source of data communication between computer, routers, switches, firewalls and many other devices on a Local Area Network (LAN). In the current era, the Ethernet Cables are very common types of cables, which are being using in mostly wired network. Ethernet cable wiring is very important dialogue discussion, particularly if you have to prepare for the Cisco exams such as CCNA. Ethernet cables are actually constructed in two essential kinds known as solid and stranded. The Solid Ethernet cables is using to get enhanced communication performance and protection beside electrical interference, however stranded cables are less in performance and protection to bodily cracks and breaks making them further appropriately for travelers and portable devices. Usually Ethernet cables can sustain one or more industry standards as well as Category 5 (CAT5) and Category 6 (CAT6).

Data Link layer performs the process of combination of bits into bytes and bytes into frames. So, Data Link layer employs frames to summarize the packets which were received from the Network Layer for transmitting on a sort of media access. The function of Ethernet stations is to pass data frames between each other using a group of bits recognized as a MAC frame format. This detects errors from a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) (Remember this is error detection, not error correction). The 802.3 frames and Ethernet frame are shown below. NOTE: Encapsulating a frame within a different type of frame is called tunneling.

Digital, Intel and Xerox (DIX) group firstly deployed the Ethernet. DIX group very first created and deployed the first Ethernet LAN Specification which the IEEE used to create the IEEE 802.3 committee. It was 10Mbps network which ran on coax, then ultimately on twisted pair and fiber media. Later, the IEEE expanded the 802.3 Committee into two new committees recognized as 802.3u (Fast Ethernet) and 802.3ab (Gigabit Ethernet on category 5) and then eventually 802.3ae (10Gbps over fiber and coax). Whenever you've to design a Local Area Network (LAN), you must have to be aware of the multiple kinds of Ethernet media available to you. Well, I suggest you to use Gigabit Ethernet to each desktop and 10Gbps between switches. Because, if you combine and match up the multiple kinds of Ethernet media techniques presently obtainable, you can arise with a cost effective network solution which works great. The following table describes the IEEE 802.3 and original Ethernet Physical layer specifications.

You can upgrade Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 to Windows 8. Even you don't need to buy a computer or laptop for installing Windows 8, while you should follow some limitations that how much you can bring with you:

Windows 8 is the leading change in the history of Microsoft's operating systems, since Microsoft released the Windows 95. So Microsoft launched its new product Windows 8 in the year 2012 for personal computers, home desktops, business computer, laptops, and tablets and for home theater PCs. Microsoft started the Windows 8's development prior to the release of Windows 7 in 2009. On August 1st, 2012 Windows 8 operating system was make available to manufacturing and on October 26th, 2012 was completely launch for common public use.