The roots of the separation can be found in the polarization resulting from three major controversies that arose during the early 20th century.[32]:185 One, which was a source of division in other religious groups, was "the theological development of modernism and liberalism."[32]:185 The early stages of the ecumenical movement, which led in 1908 to the Federal Council of Churches, provide a second source of controversy.[32]:185 The third was the practice of open membership, in which individuals who had not been baptized by immersion were granted full membership in the church.[32]:185 Those who supported one of these points of view tended to support the others as well.