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Adam Bohannon

10 Rules That Govern Groups « PsyBlog - 1 views

www.spring.org.uk/...0-rules-that-govern-groups.php

groups psychology collaboration research cognition

shared by Adam Bohannon on 10 Jul 09 - Cached
  • 2. Initiation rites improve group evaluations Existing groups don't let others join for free: the cost is sometimes monetary, sometimes intellectual, sometimes physical—but usually there is an initiation rite, even if it's well disguised. Aronson and Mills (1959) tested the effect of initiation rites by making one group of women read passages from sexually explicit novels. Afterwards they rated the group they had joined much more positively than those who hadn't had to undergo the humiliating initiation. So, not only do groups want to test you, but they want you to value your membership.
  • Group norms are extremely pervasive: this becomes all the more obvious when we start breaking them.
Trapper Callender

Man-Computer Symbiosis - 2 views

groups.csail.mit.edu/...Licklider.html

Licklider Man-Computer Symbiosis computer history

shared by Trapper Callender on 11 Feb 10 - Cached
  • In short, it seems worthwhile to avoid argument with (other) enthusiasts for artificial intelligence by conceding dominance in the distant future of cerebration to machines alone.
  • There will nevertheless be a fairly long interim during which the main intellectual advances will be made by men and computers working together in intimate association. A multidisciplinary study group, examining future research and development problems of the Air Force, estimated that it would be 1980 before developments in artificial intelligence make it possible for machines alone to do much thinking or problem solving of military significance. That would leave, say, five years to develop man-computer symbiosis and 15 years to use it. The 15 may be 10 or 500, but those years should be intellectually the most creative and exciting in the history of mankind.
  • It is often said that programming for a computing machine forces one to think clearly, that it disciplines the thought process. If the user can think his problem through in advance, symbiotic association with a computing machine is not necessary.
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • They would be easier to solve, and they could be solved faster, through an intuitively guided trial-and-error procedure in which the computer cooperated, turning up flaws in the reasoning or revealing unexpected turns in the solution.
  • Poincare anticipated the frustration of an important group of would-be computer users when he said, "The question is not, 'What is the answer?' The question is, 'What is the question?'" One of the main aims of man-computer symbiosis is to bring the computing machine effectively into the formulative parts of technical problems.
  • It is to bring computing machines effectively into processes of thinking that must go on in "real time," time that moves too fast to permit using computers in conventional ways.
  • To think in interaction with a computer in the same way that you think with a colleague whose competence supplements your own will require much tighter coupling between man and machine than is suggested by the example and than is possible today.
  • Throughout the period I examined, in short, my "thinking" time was devoted mainly to activities that were essentially clerical or mechanical: searching, calculating, plotting, transforming, determining the logical or dynamic consequences of a set of assumptions or hypotheses, preparing the way for a decision or an insight. Moreover, my choices of what to attempt and what not to attempt were determined to an embarrassingly great extent by considerations of clerical feasibility, not intellectual capability.
  • the operations that fill most of the time allegedly devoted to technical thinking are operations that can be performed more effectively by machines than by men.
  • If those problems can be solved in such a way as to create a symbiotic relation between a man and a fast information-retrieval and data-processing machine, however, it seems evident that the cooperative interaction would greatly improve the thinking process.
  • Computing machines can do readily, well, and rapidly many things that are difficult or impossible for man, and men can do readily and well, though not rapidly, many things that are difficult or impossible for computers. That suggests that a symbiotic cooperation, if successful in integrating the positive characteristics of men and computers, would be of great value. The differences in speed and in language, of course, pose difficulties that must be overcome.
  • Men will fill in the gaps, either in the problem solution or in the computer program, when the computer has no mode or routine that is applicable in a particular circumstance.
  • Clearly, for the sake of efficiency and economy, the computer must divide its time among many users. Timesharing systems are currently under active development. There are even arrangements to keep users from "clobbering" anything but their own personal programs.
  • It seems reasonable to envision, for a time 10 or 15 years hence, a "thinking center" that will incorporate the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and the symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper. The picture readily enlarges itself into a network of such centers, connected to one another by wide-band communication lines and to individual users by leased-wire services. In such a system, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the gigantic memories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users.
  • The first thing to face is that we shall not store all the technical and scientific papers in computer memory. We may store the parts that can be summarized most succinctly-the quantitative parts and the reference citations-but not the whole. Books are among the most beautifully engineered, and human-engineered, components in existence, and they will continue to be functionally important within the context of man-computer symbiosis. (Hopefully, the computer will expedite the finding, delivering, and returning of books.)
  • The second point is that a very important section of memory will be permanent: part indelible memory and part published memory. The computer will be able to write once into indelible memory, and then read back indefinitely, but the computer will not be able to erase indelible memory. (It may also over-write, turning all the 0's into l's, as though marking over what was written earlier.) Published memory will be "read-only" memory. It will be introduced into the computer already structured. The computer will be able to refer to it repeatedly, but not to change it.
  • The basic dissimilarity between human languages and computer languages may be the most serious obstacle to true symbiosis.
  • In short: instructions directed to computers specify courses; instructions-directed to human beings specify goals.
  • We may in due course see a serious effort to develop computer programs that can be connected together like the words and phrases of speech to do whatever computation or control is required at the moment. The consideration that holds back such an effort, apparently, is that the effort would produce nothing that would be of great value in the context of existing computers. It would be unrewarding to develop the language before there are any computing machines capable of responding meaningfully to it.
  • By and large, in generally available computers, however, there is almost no provision for any more effective, immediate man-machine communication than can be achieved with an electric typewriter.
  • Displays seem to be in a somewhat better state than controls. Many computers plot graphs on oscilloscope screens, and a few take advantage of the remarkable capabilities, graphical and symbolic, of the charactron display tube. Nowhere, to my knowledge, however, is there anything approaching the flexibility and convenience of the pencil and doodle pad or the chalk and blackboard used by men in technical discussion.
  • 2) Computer-Posted Wall Display: In some technological systems, several men share responsibility for controlling vehicles whose behaviors interact. Some information must be presented simultaneously to all the men, preferably on a common grid, to coordinate their actions. Other information is of relevance only to one or two operators. There would be only a confusion of uninterpretable clutter if all the information were presented on one display to all of them. The information must be posted by a computer, since manual plotting is too slow to keep it up to date.
  • Laboratory experiments have indicated repeatedly that informal, parallel arrangements of operators, coordinating their activities through reference to a large situation display, have important advantages over the arrangement, more widely used, that locates the operators at individual consoles and attempts to correlate their actions through the agency of a computer. This is one of several operator-team problems in need of careful study.
  • 3) Automatic Speech Production and Recognition: How desirable and how feasible is speech communication between human operators and computing machines?
  • Yet there is continuing interest in the idea of talking with computing machines.
  • In large part, the interest stems from realization that one can hardly take a military commander or a corporation president away from his work to teach him to type. If computing machines are ever to be used directly by top-level decision makers, it may be worthwhile to provide communication via the most natural means, even at considerable cost.
  • It seems reasonable, therefore, for computer specialists to be the ones who interact directly with computers in business offices.
  • Certainly, if the equipment were already developed, reliable, and available, it would be used.
  • Trapper Callender on 11 Feb 10
     
    Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.
Jesse Walker

African Mass Media -- Shallow Roots and Little Influence - 1 views

www.postcolonialweb.org/...kupe1.html

mass media africa little influence

shared by Jesse Walker on 15 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • Colonialism brought the print and electronic media which become another form of communication hitherto unused in African Societ
  • role of the media in Africa is something that to date has not yet been clearly ascertained.
  • First, African media systems are very small urban phenomena.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Second, when it comes to the print media it is only those who can read and write and have the purchasing power who have access to the limited titles available
  • Third, African media systems are so undercapitalised that existence is precarious and the mortality of newspapers and magazines is very high. This is compounded by poor management and poor distribution systems. The transport networks are so underde
  • In terms of content, most programming is cheap and old programmes from Europe, North America and Australia.
  • perhaps the media in Africa is used more for its entertainment value than its ability to inform or teach people how to improve their living standards
Steven Kelly

Why You Learn More Effectively by Writing Than Typing - 10 views

lifehacker.com/#!5738093/why-you-learn-more-effectively-by-writing-than-typing

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shared by Steven Kelly on 18 Feb 11 - No Cached
  • {"data":[{"original":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawker.com\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"1280","height":"720"},"xlarge":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"640","height":"360"},"medium":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"300","height":"169"},"small":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"190","height":"107"}},{"original":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawker.com\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"340","height":"284"},"xlarge":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"340","height":"284"},"medium":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"300","height":"251"},"small":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"190","height":"107"}}],"lookup":{"\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"original","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"xlarge","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"medium","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"small","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"original","pos":1},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"xlarge","pos":1},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"medium","pos":1},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"small","pos":1}}} Please confirm your birth date: Please enter a valid date Please enter your full birth year This content is restricted. .toppic .post-body img.image_0 { display: none; } Full size writing jQuery( '#fbPlaceholder' ).append( '' ) Share this post × var twEl = document.createElement( 'script' ); twEl.type="text/javascript"; twEl.src = 'http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; jQuery( '#twitterPlaceholder' ).append( twEl ); (function() { var s = document.createElement('SCRIPT'), s1 = document.getElementsByTagName('SCRIPT')[0]; s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; s.src = 'http://widgets.digg.com/buttons.js'; s1.parentNode.insertBefore(s, s1); })(); 3diggsdigg Why You Learn More Effectively by Writing Than Typing Melanie Pinola — The act of writing helps you clarify your thoughts, remember things better, and reach your goals more surely. Here's a look at the science and psychology behind writing, and why the pen may be mightier than the keyboard.
    • Kelsey Duck
      Kelsey Duck on 18 Feb 11
       
      This is awesome. Do you have any sights where I can look this kind of "keyboard" up
  • Steven Kelly on 18 Feb 11
     
    Interesting article about the learning benefits of traditional writing vs. typing.
masquebf3

Sac de voyage longchamp Le Pliage(L) « Si - 0 views

Une vingtaine d'élus, dont des membres de son parti Likoud (droite), entendaient y dénoncer sa présence. Certains voulaient déroger à la tradition qui veut que les députés se lèvent pour saluer l'a...

Sac de voyage longchamp Boxford Le Pliage(L) Pliage(XL)

started by masquebf3 on 11 Aug 14 no follow-up yet
misha-infotech

Improve Your Businesses with Social Media Marketing Services - 0 views

mishainfotechpvtltd.wordpress.com/...cant-tool-of-digital-marketing

Digital Marketing Services

shared by misha-infotech on 27 Feb 15 - No Cached
  • misha-infotech on 27 Feb 15
     
    A leading IT consulting company Misha Infotech offers amazing services to promote your business.
Jenna Watson

Help Your Muscles Endure Heavy Workouts & Improve At The Same Time! - 0 views

issuu.com/...foam_roller

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shared by Jenna Watson on 22 Aug 14 - No Cached
  • Jenna Watson on 22 Aug 14
     
    A Foam Roller is typically a special treatment designed to inhibit the muscles as well as reduce the pain one would feel, but now you don't have to get treatment for those cases, as you can get one of these foam rollers and achieve the effect yourself.
beautybycagla

healthy skin - 1 views

beautybycagla.com/acne-prone-skin-c%D0%B0re-tips

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shared by beautybycagla on 24 Mar 19 - No Cached
  • beautybycagla on 24 Mar 19
     
    When deаling with аcne prone skin, most dermаtologists or skin speciаlists suggest thаt individuаls аffected with аcne must exercise certаin аcne prone skin cаre routine thаt will help improve the condition of their skin.
benyang01

led illuminated bathroom demister - 1 views

hangzhoumirror.com/...led-demister-mirror

Mirror

shared by benyang01 on 25 Mar 19 - No Cached
  • benyang01 on 25 Mar 19
     
    Led Demister Mirror Principle & Function With the improvement of living standard, more and more people have much more request to a bathroom mirror. One of the biggest requests to bathroom mirror is anti-fog function. Most people like a hot shower on a cold, wet day, but that usually result a steamy mirror. At the past, people will only wipe it when they have such problem, but the fog will come again very soon, because you can wipe steam on the mirror, but you cannot wipe steam in the air. It was really disturbing. But now we have demister bathroom mirror, it will solve this problem for your forever. We add one super slim heated pad in the back of mirror. When you have steam problem again, you can heat the demister pad by one easy touch, then you will find your mirror become clear again in two minutes, and the steam will never come again until you closed the demister.
Athena

Athena Real Estate - 2 views

athenare.com/About

getting your real estate license in louisiana how to get

shared by Athena on 06 Dec 17 - No Cached
  • Athena on 06 Dec 17
     
    As people with deep roots in New Orleans, we appreciate the traditions of our great city. But as real estate professionals, we believe there's a better way to help our clients meet their goals.In all our relationships we treat you, our client, as the driving force. We listen to you and build a strategy around your goals. We provide data and digital tools, including virtual reality tours and in-depth valuation analyses, to improve your experience as a buyer or seller. Everything we do is designed to help you make smart, informed decisions.The Athena Real Estate team has exclusive rights to premium residential and commercial property listings. Our agents have a sophisticated understanding of the market and access to a rich network of buyers and sellers. We also provide a comprehensive suite of sales and marketing services for real estate developers, including custom branded websites.
exor001

heavy duty car batteries 12v - 0 views

www.exor-battery.com/...ah-heavy-duty-car-battery.html

heavy duty car batteries 12v

shared by exor001 on 24 Apr 22 - No Cached
  • exor001 on 24 Apr 22
     
    Nowadays, trucks used for long-distance transportation are equipped with many comfort and accommodation functions, improving the working conditions of drivers.
robertp885

Buy Glassdoor Reviews - 100% Non-Drop,Safe, Permanent, Cheap ... - 0 views

realserviceit.com/...buy-glassdoor-reviews

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shared by robertp885 on 04 Aug 23 - No Cached
  • realservice098 on 04 Aug 23
     
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rongduthread

bonded sewing thread - 0 views

www.rongduthread.com/...heavy-duty-bonded-thread

bonded sewing thread

shared by rongduthread on 29 Sep 22 - No Cached
  • rongduthread on 29 Sep 22
     
    Bonded thread is typically a two, three, or four-ply construction coated with resin that makes filaments twisting more tough with a uniform finish which prevents the ply ends from unraveling in the reverse direction. Besides adding abrasion resistance and smooth stitching, the resin coating improves environmental resistance like heat tolerance, chemical and mildew resistance. Therefore, bonded thread outperforms non-bonded thread in most heavy fabric applications where bonded thread is always the superior choice.
jimg1999

Getting My Business analyst certification To Work - 0 views

Hence, For anyone who is a business analyst or an expert who wants to pursue a business Examination career and keen on leading business Evaluation certifications, you happen to be most likely ponde...

started by jimg1999 on 19 May 22 no follow-up yet
petarda12

vacuum - 1 views

Non-surgical beauty treatments are an increasingly popular way to enhance your appearance without the risks and downtime of surgery. From dermal fillers to laser treatments and the vacuum butt lift...

started by petarda12 on 01 Mar 23 no follow-up yet
everay

thermal camera supplier - 1 views

www.everaytech.com

thermal camera supplier

shared by everay on 28 Mar 23 - No Cached
  • everay on 28 Mar 23
     
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timmhaubrich532

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shared by timmhaubrich532 on 17 Aug 23 - No Cached
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