And Fukuyama (1999) included informal norms that promote
cooperation between two or more individuals. The norms that constitute social
capital can range from a norm of reciprocity between two friends, all the
way up to complex and elaborately articulated doctrines like Christianity,
Islamism or Confucianism. And so by definition, trust, networks, civil society,
and the like which have been associated with social capital are all epiphenomenal,
arising as a result of social capital but not constituting social capital
itself.