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"There are pros and cons for considering validation as business logic, and Spring offers a design for validation (and data binding) that does not exclude either one of them. Specifically validation should not be tied to the web tier, should be easy to localize and it should be possible to plug in any validator available. Considering the above, Spring has come up with a Validator interface that is both basic ands eminently usable in every layer of an application. Data binding is useful for allowing user input to be dynamically bound to the domain model of an application (or whatever objects you use to process user input). Spring provides the so-called DataBinder to do exactly that. The Validator and the DataBinder make up the validation package, which is primarily used in but not limited to the MVC framework. The BeanWrapper is a fundamental concept in the Spring Framework and is used in a lot of places. However, you probably will not have the need to use the BeanWrapper directly. Because this is reference documentation however, we felt that some explanation might be in order. We will explain the BeanWrapper in this chapter since, if you were going to use it at all, you would most likely do so when trying to bind data to objects. Spring's DataBinder and the lower-level BeanWrapper both use PropertyEditors to parse and format property values. The PropertyEditor concept is part of the JavaBeans specification, and is also explained in this chapter. Spring 3 introduces a "core.convert" package that provides a general type conversion facility, as well as a higher-level "format" package for formatting UI field values. These new packages may be used as simpler alternatives to PropertyEditors, and will also be discussed in this chapter."

This tutorial covers adding validations to forms during submission using Validator interface from Spring. This is part of the Spring MVC tutorial series.

"Since 1994, the Java programming language evolved and became a valid tool to develop reliable and performant server applications as opposed to just applets and client applications. The major disadvantage of the Java platform is that still today the only portable way to start a Java application relies on a single point of entry: the public static void main(String[]) method. Having a single-point of entry is a valid solution for client applications, where interactively a user can command to the application to quit (which can terminate the Virtual Machine process at calling the System.exit(int) method), but in those cases where the application is not interactive (server applications) there is currently no portable way to notify the Virtual Machine of its imminent shutdown. A server application written in Java might have to perform several tasks before being able to shutdown the Virtual Machine process. For example in the case of a Servlet container, before the VM process is shut down, sessions might need to be serialized to disk, and web applications need to be destroyed. One common solution to this problem is to create (for example) a ServerSocket and wait for a particular message to be issued. When the message is received, all operations required to shut down the server applications are performed and at the end the System.exit method is called to terminate the Virtual Machine process. This method however, has several disadvantages and risks: In case of a system-wide shutdown, the Virtual Machine process may be shut down directly by the operating system without notifying the running server application. If an attacker finds out the shutdown message to send to the server and discovers a way to send this message, he can easily interrupt the server's operation, bypassing all the security restrictions implemented in the operating system. Most multi-user operating systems already have a way in which server applications are started and stopped. Under Unix based

HttpClient Cache provides an HTTP/1.1-compliant caching layer to be used with HttpClient--the Java equivalent of a browser cache. The implementation follows the Decorator design pattern, where the CachingHttpClient class is a drop-in replacement for a DefaultHttpClient; requests that can be satisfied entirely from the cache will not result in actual origin requests. Stale cache entries are automatically validated with the origin where possible, using conditional GETs and the If-Modified-Since and/or If-None-Match request headers. HTTP/1.1 caching in general is designed to be semantically transparent; that is, a cache should not change the meaning of the request-response exchange between client and server. As such, it should be safe to drop a CachingHttpClient into an existing compliant client-server relationship. Although the caching module is part of the client from an HTTP protocol point of view, the implementation aims to be compatible with the requirements placed on a transparent caching proxy. Finally, CachingHttpClient includes support the Cache-Control extensions specified by RFC 5861 (stale-if-error and stale-while-revalidate).

Sapphire - develop UI without wiring individual widgets Little has changed in the way Java desktop UI is written since the original Java release. Technologies have changed (AWT, Swing, SWT, etc.), but fundamentals remain the same. The developer must choose which widgets to use, how to lay those widgets out, how to store the data being edited and how to synchronize the model with the UI. Even the best developers fall into traps of having UI components talk directly to other UI components rather than through the model. Inordinate amount of time is spent debugging layout and data-binding issues. Sapphire aims to raise UI writing to a higher level of abstraction. The core premise is that the basic building block of UI should not be a widget (text box, label, button, etc.), but rather a property editor. Unlike a widget, a property editor analyzes metadata associated with a given property, renders the appropriate widgets to edit that property and wires up data binding. Data is synchronized, validation is passed from the model to the UI, content assistance is made available, etc. This fundamentally changes the way developers interact with a UI framework. Instead of writing UI by telling the system how to do something, the developer tells the system what they intend to accomplish. When using Sapphire, the developer says "I want to edit LastName property of the person object". When using widget toolkits like SWT, the developer says "create label, create text box, lay them out like so, configure their settings, setup data binding and so on". By the time the developer is done, it is hard to see the original goal in the code that's produced. This results in UI that is inconsistent, brittle and difficult to maintain.

Java Topic / Java tutorial An exception is an abnormal condition that arises in a code sequence at run time. An exception is a run-time error. Most of these run-time errors could be prevented by doing proper input validation as shown in 151, but in cases where we can not prevent effectively we can use the exception handling mechanism provided by Java.