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"There are pros and cons for considering validation as business logic, and Spring offers a design for validation (and data binding) that does not exclude either one of them. Specifically validation should not be tied to the web tier, should be easy to localize and it should be possible to plug in any validator available. Considering the above, Spring has come up with a Validator interface that is both basic ands eminently usable in every layer of an application. Data binding is useful for allowing user input to be dynamically bound to the domain model of an application (or whatever objects you use to process user input). Spring provides the so-called DataBinder to do exactly that. The Validator and the DataBinder make up the validation package, which is primarily used in but not limited to the MVC framework. The BeanWrapper is a fundamental concept in the Spring Framework and is used in a lot of places. However, you probably will not have the need to use the BeanWrapper directly. Because this is reference documentation however, we felt that some explanation might be in order. We will explain the BeanWrapper in this chapter since, if you were going to use it at all, you would most likely do so when trying to bind data to objects. Spring's DataBinder and the lower-level BeanWrapper both use PropertyEditors to parse and format property values. The PropertyEditor concept is part of the JavaBeans specification, and is also explained in this chapter. Spring 3 introduces a "core.convert" package that provides a general type conversion facility, as well as a higher-level "format" package for formatting UI field values. These new packages may be used as simpler alternatives to PropertyEditors, and will also be discussed in this chapter."

"Implementation of Units of Measurement services. A coordinates module compliant with OGC/ISO specifications for the development and deployment of geographic applications. A rigourous mapping of mathematical structures (e.g. Group, Ring, Field, VectorSpace ) to Java interfaces. A linear algebra module, which includes a first (and I believe unique) parameterized matrix class capable of resolving linear system of equations involving any kind of elements (e.g. Complex, ModuloInteger, RationalFunctions) A functions module for symbolic calculations and analysis. Different types of numbers such as real numbers of arbitrary and guaranteed precision, or the always exact rational numbers. Support for exact or arbitrary precision measurements (also strongly typed). Support for Standard , Relativistic , High-Energy , Quantum and Natural physical models. A monetary module for precision-guaranteed calculations and currencies conversions."

XStream is a simple library to serialize objects to XML and back again. Features Ease of use. A high level facade is supplied that simplifies common use cases. No mappings required. Most objects can be serialized without need for specifying mappings. Performance. Speed and low memory footprint are a crucial part of the design, making it suitable for large object graphs or systems with high message throughput. Clean XML. No information is duplicated that can be obtained via reflection. This results in XML that is easier to read for humans and more compact than native Java serialization. Requires no modifications to objects. Serializes internal fields, including private and final. Supports non-public and inner classes. Classes are not required to have default constructor. Full object graph support. Duplicate references encountered in the object-model will be maintained. Supports circular references. Integrates with other XML APIs. By implementing an interface, XStream can serialize directly to/from any tree structure (not just XML). Customizable conversion strategies. Strategies can be registered allowing customization of how particular types are represented as XML. Error messages. When an exception occurs due to malformed XML, detailed diagnostics are provided to help isolate and fix the problem. Alternative output format. The modular design allows other output formats. XStream ships currently with JSON support and morphing.

JSON-lib is a java library for transforming beans, maps, collections, java arrays and XML to JSON and back again to beans and DynaBeans. It is based on the work by Douglas Crockford in http://www.json.org/java. The following tables sumarizes the types conversion between java and javascript: