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Connecting a method call to the method body is known as binding. There are two types of binding static binding (also known as early binding). dynamic binding (also known as late binding). Understanding Type Let's understand the type of instance. 1) variables have a type Each variable has a type, it may be primitive and non-primitive.

"There are pros and cons for considering validation as business logic, and Spring offers a design for validation (and data binding) that does not exclude either one of them. Specifically validation should not be tied to the web tier, should be easy to localize and it should be possible to plug in any validator available. Considering the above, Spring has come up with a Validator interface that is both basic ands eminently usable in every layer of an application. Data binding is useful for allowing user input to be dynamically bound to the domain model of an application (or whatever objects you use to process user input). Spring provides the so-called DataBinder to do exactly that. The Validator and the DataBinder make up the validation package, which is primarily used in but not limited to the MVC framework. The BeanWrapper is a fundamental concept in the Spring Framework and is used in a lot of places. However, you probably will not have the need to use the BeanWrapper directly. Because this is reference documentation however, we felt that some explanation might be in order. We will explain the BeanWrapper in this chapter since, if you were going to use it at all, you would most likely do so when trying to bind data to objects. Spring's DataBinder and the lower-level BeanWrapper both use PropertyEditors to parse and format property values. The PropertyEditor concept is part of the JavaBeans specification, and is also explained in this chapter. Spring 3 introduces a "core.convert" package that provides a general type conversion facility, as well as a higher-level "format" package for formatting UI field values. These new packages may be used as simpler alternatives to PropertyEditors, and will also be discussed in this chapter."

Sapphire - develop UI without wiring individual widgets Little has changed in the way Java desktop UI is written since the original Java release. Technologies have changed (AWT, Swing, SWT, etc.), but fundamentals remain the same. The developer must choose which widgets to use, how to lay those widgets out, how to store the data being edited and how to synchronize the model with the UI. Even the best developers fall into traps of having UI components talk directly to other UI components rather than through the model. Inordinate amount of time is spent debugging layout and data-binding issues. Sapphire aims to raise UI writing to a higher level of abstraction. The core premise is that the basic building block of UI should not be a widget (text box, label, button, etc.), but rather a property editor. Unlike a widget, a property editor analyzes metadata associated with a given property, renders the appropriate widgets to edit that property and wires up data binding. Data is synchronized, validation is passed from the model to the UI, content assistance is made available, etc. This fundamentally changes the way developers interact with a UI framework. Instead of writing UI by telling the system how to do something, the developer tells the system what they intend to accomplish. When using Sapphire, the developer says "I want to edit LastName property of the person object". When using widget toolkits like SWT, the developer says "create label, create text box, lay them out like so, configure their settings, setup data binding and so on". By the time the developer is done, it is hard to see the original goal in the code that's produced. This results in UI that is inconsistent, brittle and difficult to maintain.

Castor is an Open Source data binding framework for Java[tm]. It's the shortest path between Java objects, XML documents and relational tables. Castor provides Java-to-XML binding, Java-to-SQL persistence, and more.

" This tutorial explains Eclipse JFace Data Binding which can be used to synchronize data between a data model and an user interface. The tutorial uses the properties API which is the recommended way of doing data binding. This tutorial is based on Eclipse 3.6 (Helios) and Java 1.6. "

Apache CXF is an open source services framework. CXF helps you build and develop services using frontend programming APIs, like JAX-WS and JAX-RS. These services can speak a variety of protocols such as SOAP, XML/HTTP, RESTful HTTP, or CORBA and work over a variety of transports such as HTTP, JMS or JBI. CXF includes a broad feature set, but it is primarily focused on the following areas: Web Services Standards Support: CXF supports a variety of web service standards including SOAP, the WS-I Basic Profile, WSDL, WS-Addressing, WS-Policy, WS-ReliableMessaging, WS-Security, WS-SecurityPolicy, WS-SecureConverstation, and WS-Trust (partial). Frontends: CXF supports a variety of "frontend" programming models. CXF implements the JAX-WS APIs (TCK compliant). CXF JAX-WS support includes some extensions to the standard that make it significantly easier to use, compared to the reference implementation: It will automatically generate code for request and response bean classes, and does not require a WSDL for simple cases. It also includes a "simple frontend" which allows creation of clients and endpoints without annotations. CXF supports both contract first development with WSDL and code first development starting from Java. For REST, CXF also supports a JAX-RS (TCK compliant) frontend. Ease of use: CXF is designed to be intuitive and easy to use. There are simple APIs to quickly build code-first services, Maven plug-ins to make tooling integration easy, JAX-WS API support, Spring 2.x XML support to make configuration a snap, and much more. Binary and Legacy Protocol Support: CXF has been designed to provide a pluggable architecture that supports not only XML but also non-XML type bindings, such as JSON and CORBA, in combination with any type of transport. To get started using CXF, check out the downloads, the user's guide, or the mailing lists to get more information!

"OpenCMIS is a collection of Java libraries, frameworks and tools around the CMIS (Content Management Interoperability Services) specification. The goal of OpenCMIS is to make CMIS simple for Java client and server developers. It hides the binding details and provides APIs and SPIs on different abstraction levels. It also includes test tools for content repository developers and client application developers."

Eclipse Gemini Blueprint is the reference implementation for the OSGi Alliance Blueprint Service (chapter 121 of the OSGi 4.2 Compendium Specification). Gemini Blueprint project makes it easy to build Java applications that run in an OSGi framework. By using Gemini Blueprint, applications benefit from using a better separation of modules, the ability to dynamically add, remove, and update modules in a running system, the ability to deploy multiple versions of a module simultaneously (and have clients automatically bind to the appropriate one), and a dynamic service model. Gemini users may also be interested in Eclipse Virgo, an open source, completely modular, OSGi-based Java application server. Its documentation is considered a supplement to Gemini Blueprint as it explains in detail, how OSGi can be used in various development and production scenarios.

Advantage of OOPs Naming Convention Object and Class Method Overloading Constructor static keyword this keyword Inheritance(IS-A) Aggregation(HAS-A) Method Overriding Covariant Return Type super keyword Instance Initializer block final keyword Runtime Polymorphism Dynamic Binding instanceof operator Abstract class Interface Package Access Modifiers Encapsulation Object class Object Cloning Java Array Call By Value strictfp keyword API Document Command Line Arg

Advantage of OOPs Naming Convention Object and Class Method Overloading Constructor static keyword this keyword Inheritance(IS-A) Aggregation(HAS-A) Method Overriding Covariant Return Type super keyword Instance Initializer block final keyword Runtime Polymorphism Dynamic Binding instanceof operator Abstract class Interface Package Access Modifiers Encapsulation Object class Object Cloning Java Array Call By Value strictfp keyword API Document Command Line Arg

Advantage of OOPs Naming Convention Object and Class Method Overloading Constructor static keyword this keyword Inheritance(IS-A) Aggregation(HAS-A) Method Overriding Covariant Return Type super keyword Instance Initializer block final keyword Runtime Polymorphism Dynamic Binding instanceof operator Abstract class Interface Package Access Modifiers Encapsulation Object class Object Cloning Java Array Call By Value strictfp keyword API Document Command Line Arg

Advantage of OOPs Naming Convention Object and Class Method Overloading Constructor static keyword this keyword Inheritance(IS-A) Aggregation(HAS-A) Method Overriding Covariant Return Type super keyword Instance Initializer block final keyword Runtime Polymorphism Dynamic Binding instanceof operator Abstract class Interface Package Access Modifiers Encapsulation Object class Object Cloning Java Array Call By Value strictfp keyword API Document Command Line Arg

Advantage of OOPs Naming Convention Object and Class Method Overloading Constructor static keyword this keyword Inheritance(IS-A) Aggregation(HAS-A) Method Overriding Covariant Return Type super keyword Instance Initializer block final keyword Runtime Polymorphism Dynamic Binding instanceof operator Abstract class Interface Package Access Modifiers Encapsulation Object class Object Cloning Java Array Call By Value strictfp keyword API Document Command Line Arg

XOM™ is a new XML object model. It is an open source (LGPL), tree-based API for processing XML with Java that strives for correctness, simplicity, and performance, in that order.