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At George Mason University Saturday, at the Fourth International Conference on Writing Research, the Educational Testing Service presented evidence that a pilot test of automated grading of freshman writing placement tests at the New Jersey Institute of Technology showed that computer programs can be trusted with the job. The NJIT results represent the first "validity testing" - in which a series of tests are conducted to make sure that the scoring was accurate - that ETS has conducted of automated grading of college students' essays. Based on the positive results, ETS plans to sign up more colleges to grade placement tests in this way - and is already doing so."

Right now, the biggest impediment to high-tech monitoring is that Medicare and private insurers generally do not reimburse for it. And the devices can be expensive. As part of a pilot project, Juanita and Arthur Wood get their devices for free; normally patients would have to pay about $100 a month to rent them.

The stakeholders are customers, human workers, factories and big product companies. The social ethical issue is reliability. The scenario is robots used in business. The IT system is factory robots. The issue here is that due to lack of money, robots cannot be used in factories which will lower the amount of products made.

It is important to fully examine the issue of reliability in this context. When using artificial intelligence in the factory workplace, those installing the robots must be mindful of the possibility that the robot will not be reliable. Reliability, therefore must be tested extensively to make sure that it is fairly high.

The stakeholders in this article are lawyers, clients, the software developers, and law firms. The social and ethical issue is people and machines, more specifically, the fact that software is replacing the work of "armies of expensive lawyers." The area of impact is business and employment. The issue here is that law firms are now starting to use this new software in order to replace spending a lot of money of many lawyers to get the same job done. Law firms are able to save their money by investing in this software instead of multiple lawyers. They are also able to save time because the software is able to go through information faster than humans are able to. Clients are also able to save their money because they are paying law firms less to get the same job done. This is a chain reaction. The software developers are also able to make more money now that this is becoming more popular because they are able to continue building on and improving the software they have now and then selling it later on. The issue is that lawyers are being replaced by this new software. A job that used to take 500 lawyers, could now take 1 lawyer, along with this new software. This is an important issue to pay attention to because eventually it might lead to unemployment, even though there are no signs of it now.

This was a pretty interesting article and I actually enjoyed reading it. You seem to have hit all the points and from the article what really stood out to me was when Bill Herr said,"People get bored, people get headaches. Computers don't." This is basically the issue that we are faced with when losing jobs. For those jobs that are repetitive is is more efficent and time saving to have a robot rather than a person doing the job. You hit this point by saying, "A job that used to take 500 lawyers, could now take 1 lawyer, along with this new software." Though I wonder if this is completely a bad thing. You say it is and important issue because it can lead to unemployment, but isn't it also the case that new jobs would arise? Would those jobs be able replace or be more than what was lost?

The IT system in this case is the remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) created by the oilfield engineering company Oceaneering. These robots monitored the leak deep down in the Transocean Deepwater Horizon, where humans could not reach to check out the oil spill. The major stakeholders are BP (the company responsible for the oil spill), experts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, who control and protect the environment in the Gulf of Mexico, Oceaneering, which created the ROVs, and the people living in the coast who were impacted by the massive oil spill in the gulf. The area of impact is that of science and the environment. The area of science applies to the robotics and artificial intelligence aspect, and the environment side deals with the environmental concern. The social and ethical issue is that of people and machines, and policies and standards. Experts in the field of environment must issue and enforce the policies that they stipulate, so as to protect the environment.

The stakeholders mentioned in this article include businesses and their employees. The social and ethical issue is people and machines. The area of impact is business and employment. In this article the IT system is never specifically referred to but the author make several references to "technological advances" that involve artificial intelligence enabled software. The issue raised in this article is the issue of technological advancements relating to artificial intelligence becoming a threat to people's jobs. In the article the examples of manufacturing and low skill labor but more significantly A.I.'s threat to white collar jobs. With the invention of software that can sift through documents at speeds that humans could never challenge, lawyers and their document analysis skills are less in demand. Radiologists are quickly losing their jobs to machines that can analyze medical scans faster. This new danger to not only blue collar jobs but also white collar jobs is alarming to the public. The article provides a one sided point of view that rejects the issue of machines taking jobs from people. The author argues that machines do us the favor of taking over boring jobs that no one wants. What the author fails to recognize is the fact that a lot of these jobs (especially the low skill ones) are want working class citizens depend on to pay their bills and feed their families. If machines are taking jobs that require none or very little education they are threatening the livelihoods of a large part of the population of this country. This issue could pose a big threat to the survival of the lower and middle classes.