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This article tries to answer the questions "What kinds of products should we consider having our students construct as a result of PBL and what factors should we consider as we design project tasks. " Some examples of artifacts would be: physical model, theory, multimedia project, Web site, video or radio program, lesson for younger learners, computer program, robot, or hypermedia. Whatever the end product, it is in the process of construction that their knowledge is forming and it is in the design phase that "learners construct their initial understandings." The product should come about through these 4 things: * an extended time frame (a few weeks to an entire year), the goal is deeper understanding and this takes time * collaboration, this will enhance the learning process * inquiry/investigation/research, this an active search for explanations * and a consequential task. The end task is considered by the article as just a ploy to trap students into thinking deeply. The article also gives examples of successful artefacts. One was a geometry project where students had to design a case to carry 18 cans. They needed to use their school mascot in the design (cowboys) and consider marketing, geometric factors, as well as write a persuasive letter to sell the product. They also talked about a web page where women were interviewed about their experiences during the second world war. They learned not only about that time in history, but about interviewing and listening skills.

This article begins with a discussion of "connectivism" as a learning theory and it's acceptance by the educational community. It extends beyond the traditional theories of behaviorism, congnitivism, and contructivism to describe learning within a network. Connectivism is a theory in which complex learning occurs through recognition and adaptation of patterns in social, technologically enhanced networks. He explores the overlay vs. transformation paradigm now occurring in education and provides an interesting historical perspective, the introduction of electricity to factories. Originally factories were designed to take advantage of a single power source. Electricity was introduced and replaced the original power source but was simply overlaid - used to power the original device on which the entire factory was dependent. If a problem occurred with this device, the entire factory was incapacitated. It took a complete redesign of the factories, utilizing multiple power sources, to fully realize the improvement brought by the new technology. Next, Siemens examines the various metaphors for educators in recent literature. The first is of the master artist, as in the atelier or studio model, in which the students learn from each other and are guided by the more knowledgeable and experienced teacher. Another is of the network administrator who assists students in forming connections and creating learning networks. Next is the concierge who acts as a tour guide, assisting with resource acquisition and permitting student exploration. Finally, he settles on his preferred metaphor of the educator as curator who creates learning spaces and allows learners the freedom to explore and make connections. Siemens proposes that we should consider the change caused by our networked society and rethink and reconsider our view of learning and knowledge, as well as our approach to teaching.