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Adam Seldis

BBC News - Who what why: Why is there more oilseed rape being grown? - 31 views

  • Why is there more oilseed rape being grown?
    • Adam Seldis
       
      This looks like it might a supply issue - so microeconomics supply and demand
  • more than ever before
    • Adam Seldis
       
      So there has been a shift outwards in supply. I can show this on a diagram. However I need to explain why it has shifted.
  • rocketing prices as it becomes more desirable for food
    • Adam Seldis
       
      So the only way this can be explained is that demand has increased more than the increase in supply, therefore leading to a 'rocketing' in prices. Again, would be good if I could explain why.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • £388 per tonne, which compares to £240 in 2010
    • Adam Seldis
       
      I can use these numbers on my diagram. 240GBP was the original equilibrium price, 388GBP the new equilibrium.
  • 698,000 hectares in England and Wales and around 37,000 hectares in Scotland have been sown with oilseed rape this year, up about 6% on last year
    • Adam Seldis
       
      Again, I can use these figures in my diagram on the Quantity axis.
  • rapeseed oil is actually one of the highest quality vegetable oils, and it has gained a certain culinary respectability over recent years.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      This explains the shift in demand
  • "It's being used as mayonnaise, in margarine, salads, anywhere vegetables are used. It has a good health profile, has low saturated fat, is high in omega-3, and some claim it is better than sunflower oil," he say
    • Adam Seldis
       
      As does this.
  • The UK's "consistently high yields" of rapeseed have made the crop a success, according to Gagen.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      This partly explains the shift in supply
  • Other places like Germany, Poland and Ukraine have had a dreadful winter, the crops were exposed to severe cold temperatures, I suspect the French suffered as well.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      I can bring in here the concept of substitute goods - that German etc rape crops are a substitute good. That their fall in supply will have lead to an increase in the price for them, leading to a fall in demand. This will have lead to an increase in demand for UK rape crops. Could show this diagrammatically if needed.
  • and they are 45% oil - and the other 55% is high protein animal feed - they are an amazing piece of nature," he says. Burnett says oilseed rape is also being used for biodiesel, while a very small amount has specialist industrial uses, for instance as lubricants.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      Again, this explains the surge in demand. It has a number of different uses. (Called composite demand).
  • Burnett says oilseed rape has probably been more visible this year because it has flowered for almost twice its normal length of time - eight weeks, instead of four - as a cold and wet April and May stopped flowers developing and dying at their normal rate.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      We could start to use this as some kind of evaluation - the fact that there might not have been a shift in supply at all.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      So, overall, I could write a commentary about how a small shift in supply and a large shift in demand has led to an increase in the price for rape seed. I can easily show this with a diagram and explain the factors behind each movement. I would need to show the shift in supply being less than the shift in demand. For evaluation I could start to look at the impacts of PED and PES. Might they be inelastic or elastic and how might this impact the price mechanism. I could also speculate a little about what might happen in the future, based on the information in the article, and its impact on the price of rape seed in the UK
  •  
    This is the article I would like you to read first. You may not use this one in the future.
Adam Seldis

Kenya inflation slows to 12.2 pct in May | Reuters - 5 views

    • Adam Seldis
       
      This nicely allows some evaluation, as we can speculate on to what evaluate the government should change interest rates
    • Adam Seldis
       
      I could use this to introduce the relationship between interest rates and exchange rates. However that's more international economics so I might just ignore it. 
    • Adam Seldis
       
      This is a nice article that allows me to explain what inflation is and how Kenya has cost-push disinflation. I can easily show this in a diagram. What's more it also talks about monetary policy, so I can explain how the government has helped create this - the impact of interest rates on costs. There are also some really good evaluation opportunities, particularly as the article suggests the Kenyan government itself doesn't know what to do with interest rates. I can ignore exchange rates but instead focus on the possible impact on employment and general GDP growth, whilst not ignoring the ominous signs mentioned about future world commodity prices.
Katie Miyoshi

allAfrica.com: Zambia: Govt Unveils Maize Floor Price - 5 views

    • Katie Miyoshi
       
      A minimum price has been set for maize at 1,300,000 Zambia kwacha ($244.40 US dollars) for 1,000 kg.  A micro: minimum diagram can be made.
    • Katie Miyoshi
       
      Maize is a good, which has many complimentary goods, because it is a staple food in many recipes.  This can be shown in a cross price elasticity diagram.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      It is also a substitute good. Though carbs of some kind are a necessity, people could by wheat or rice or millet instead. You could consider looking at prices of substitute goods.
    • Katie Miyoshi
       
      There is high demand for maize, so this good is inelastic and therefore it is smart to place a floor price on this good, since price will increase with little change to the demand.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      This is also a subsidy. You could draw a subsidy micoeconomics graph for this.
  • ...4 more annotations...
    • Katie Miyoshi
       
      By setting a price floor, maize prices will increase so that the good is more valued and this will lead to less wasting and more available supply in the long-run.
    • Katie Miyoshi
       
      Government is investing in infrastructure to reduce the maize thefts and this is an example of supply-side policy.  A diagram can be made here.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      This will also lower prices and may stop the rise of maize costs as less wastage will occur.
    • Katie Miyoshi
       
      Perhaps, increasing the maize prices will make up for the loss in revenue from the stolen maize.
    • Katie Miyoshi
       
      This is my ECON IA for MICRO
Yuuji Mitsuta

Europe's (olive) oil crisis - CNN.com - 5 views

    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Demand has decreased due to economic crisis
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      EU intervention to reduce surplus of olive oil and incomes in rural areas of spain
  • plunged to a 10-year low as domestic consumption in the top producing southern European countries has fallen because of the economic crisis
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Demand has decreased due to economic crisis
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • price of premium-quality extra virgin olive oil in the wholesale market fell this month to $2,900 a tonne,
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Decrease in price due to decrease in demand
  • suffering from strong competition from cheaper varieties of vegetable oil.
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Substitute goods present, so has a higher PED. has lower demand compared to vegetable oil
  • This crop is vital for the main producing countries in terms of maintaining employment in their rural areas
Fuyuka Nakamura

BBC News - Thailand exports fall in April as global demand slows - 5 views

  • Thailand exports fall in April as global demand slows
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Article 2: Demand and Supply
  • falling demand
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      There was a fall in demand of goods/services from Thailand, as demand from their main exporters (US/Europe) decreased.
  • exports
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      One of the components of AD. Therefore, it will affect the Country's GDP as well.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Manufacturing and export sector are key contributors to Thailand's economic growth
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      This explains that exports is a key component in the country's GDP. A decrease in export will affect the country's GDP heavily. (GDP decreases)
  • eurozone debt crisis
  • eurozone's ongoing problems will continue to drag
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Meaning demand will keep on decreasing in Europe/USA, decreasing the exports from Thailand even more.
  • foreign sales accounting for more than half of Thailand's gross domestic product
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Represent how exports are more important than consumption/any other factors in determining GDP in Thailand.
  • on Thai
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Graph: D shifts down. QD and QP decreases for particular manufactured good. Graph 2: AD shifts down, shrinking the economy.
  • Excessive flooding last last year caused damage to factories and businesses, hurting production
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Another reason to why their economic growth is slumping. This will result from a shift in the supply curve.
  • economic problems
  • boosting domestic consumption
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      A key component in AD/ GDP. By increasing consumption, AD and GDP will increase, boosting the economic growth.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Graph: Rise in AD, real GDP increase.
  • Thailand
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Will this Article count as Macro?
Christina Seward

Minimum alcohol price in Scotland to be set at 50p a unit | Society | The Guardian - 4 views

    • Christina Seward
       
      first IA
  • After resisting it for four years, Scottish Labour is also preparing to support the policy if Alex Salmond's government presses on with plans for a £130m "health levy" on supermarkets to claw back the £125m increase in their revenues from a 50p minimum price.
  • said in January that inflation and a drop in alcohol misuse meant only a 50p cost would have a significant impact now.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • 60 lives in the first year, and 318 a year within a decade. It would most directly affect alcoholics,
  • extra £120 a year.
Yuuji Mitsuta

Europe's (olive) oil crisis (2) - 4 views

  • ompetition from cheaper varieties of vegetable oil
  • 10-year low as domestic consumption in the top producing southern European countries has fallen because of the economic crisis.
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Decrease in demand
  • coincided with a bumper olive crop in Spain,
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The price of premium-quality extra virgin olive oil in the wholesale market fell this month to $2,900 a tonne, the lowest since 2002 and down more than half from nearly $6,000 a tonne in 2005, according to the International Monetary Fund.
  • The EU has tried to deal with the surplus by paying companies to stockpile oil
Yayoi Tanikawa

Japan Govt to expand routine vaccinations | The Jakarta Post - 4 views

  • Japan Govt to expand routine vaccinations
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      merit good that is under consumed
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      positive consumption externality
  • The health ministry has decided to add three immunizations--against cervical cancer and two infections that can cause bacterial meningitis
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      MPB moves towards MSB
  • subsidizing fees for the three vaccinations as an emergency measure since fiscal 2010
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      making vaccinations more accessible
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • subsidies are set to be terminated at the end of this fiscal year, the Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry plans to make the subsidies permanent
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      with subsidies, more quantity at a lower price
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      encourages people to get vaccinations
  • among children
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      so they can live longer, provide more to society
  • termination of subsidies for those immunizations was seen as undesirable in light of the fact that an increasing number of young people have been diagnosed with those conditions
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      by preventing the diseases, people won't have to spend more money on treating the diseases when they get older
  • routine vaccination program as soon as it can secure funding for them.
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      under produced
  • Making all seven immunizations part of the routine vaccination program would cost 200 billion yen per year
  • "It's strange to treat them differently just for budget reasons when they are all important vaccinations
Ryo Sakai

Spain goes from boom to bust in a hectic 10 years - Yahoo! News - 4 views

  • —Unemployment starts ticking higher. The jobless rate, which stood at 8.3 percent in 2007, jumps to 18 percent in 2009. It is now almost 25 percent. Property prices begin to decline, and the real estate boom eventually bursts, as demand plummets.
    • Ryo Sakai
       
      Boom and the bust represents the business cycle. The boom being the positive output gap and the bust representing a negative output gap (recession) In this case Spain was experiencing a boom, but after a while they faced a recession because they did not have spare capacity in the factors of production as they use to have (used too much doing the boom)
  • the jobless rate for those aged between 16 and 24 is 52 percent.
    • Faizal Zubir
       
      Because of the very high unemployment rate, it is very difficult for Spain to get out of recession. This is one of the reasons why Spain may be forced to ask for a bailout.
  • in sales taxes to get a handle on the size of government debt and appease markets.
    • Faizal Zubir
       
      Possible evaluation: Higher tax may increase the government's income, but based on Laffer Curve, if the new tax rate is beyond the most effective tax rate, then in reality, income can be lower.
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • —The conservative Popular Party, led by Mariano Rajoy, takes office in December 2011.
  •  
    Boom and the bust represents the business cycle. The boom being the positive output gap and the bust representing a negative output gap (recession) In this case Spain was experiencing a boom, but after a while they faced a recession because they did not have spare capacity in the factors of production as they use to have (used too much doing the boom)
Shoko Kuroda

BBC News - Factory output in Japan weaker than expected in April - 4 views

    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      Demand, indicates that this article is on micro economics, relating to supply and demand
  • output
    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      Output is another word for supply and this can be referenced to micro economics, which is about supply and demand. 
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • China's slowdown and a rising yen for the expected fall.
  • As Japan continues to recover from a devastating earthquake and tsunami last year, the ministry said industrial production continued to improve.
  • Industries that contributed to the slight rise in output included transport, chemicals and electrical machinery.
  • "More crucial is final demand in China,
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      I could draw a demand - supply diagram from this, indicating the declining demand for cars, consequently leading to a drop in supply. 
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      This is because China is a massive economy, and it bears an extremely important role in the Japanese economy, especially after having taken over the second largest economy world wide. 
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      Japan's economy stagnated severely after the earthquake and tsunami. This was due to the rapidly dropping demand from consumers, who deferred purchasing inessential goods. 
  • , demand from China would be the determining factor for continued growth
    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      This quotation indicates the global impact of the Chinese economy. Because a large proportion of Japanese goods' is exported to China, a decrease in demand means that there would be less output. This can be related to the US GDP article, stating that a decrease in demand would make it difficult to produce the good to be either exported or imported and have affect on GDP growth. 
    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      Need to explain how decrease or increase in currency can influence output. 
  •  
    Japan's factory output was weaker than expected in April because of slower demand for electronics goods, especially in China. Output was 0.2% higher in April from March, the Trade and Industry Ministry said. Analysts had forecast a figure of 0.5%. The ministry said it expects output to fall in May, before rebounding in June.
Edward Pearson

Lost in inflation: the trap of focusing solely on the consumer price index | The Japan ... - 3 views

  • interest rate policy since February 1999
    • Edward Pearson
       
      -Increase borrowing and decreasing savings -however, real interest rates are positive due to deflation 
  • the government's fiscal policy options are starting to run out
    • Edward Pearson
       
      Increase in budget deficit as spending increases and tax revenue decreases - along with debt of 215% of GDP
  • This is reflected by globalized Japan's descent into its first trade deficit since 1980
    • Edward Pearson
       
      GDP=C+!+G+X-M  demand for domestic products decrease because foreign products are relatively cheaper - increase in M and decrease in X, so AD decreases and GDP decrease causing deflation
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • prices in Japan remain very high by international standards.
    • Edward Pearson
       
      Lack of factors of production - mainly land need for importing from foreign countries possible solutions- Free trade
  • This is one factor behind Japan's high prices.
  • cannot pin their hopes on wage increases
    • Edward Pearson
       
      should be a decrease in wages as revenue decreases - sticky wages 
  • They should step back and take a look at the big picture, including Japan's abnormally high prices,
    • Edward Pearson
       
      deflation possibly could be advantages - increase in spending power, international competitiveness etc 
Adam Seldis

Kenya inflation slows to 12.2 pct in May | Reuters - 3 views

  • inflation slows to 12.2 pct in May
  • fall in
    • Adam Seldis
       
      This response will be about falling inflation. So I'm hoping to find some information on perhaps why it is falling, to what extent the government played a part, and what might the consequences be?
  • ...6 more annotations...
    • Adam Seldis
       
      This explains why there was the fall. So it is a cost-push disinflation. I can explain this using a diagram.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      I can now bring in monetary policy and explain not only why a government may wish to lower interest rates (to boost AD) but also how a lowering of inflation might allow this situation.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      I can use this data in my diagrams
    • Adam Seldis
       
      So I can use this to explain how the government has been using interest rates to lower inflation and what the relationship is between them.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      Could also do some evaluation to suggest that cost-push disinflation is better to have than demand-pull disinflation, as with cost-push disinflation you still get GDP growth.
    • Adam Seldis
       
      I can use this to explain what might happen in the future. What might be the impact of high international commodity prices.
Adam Seldis

German Jobless Rate Hits Low - WSJ.com - 3 views

    • Derek Schwung
       
      Unemployment rates in Germany at a record low Debt crisis in euro zone not affecting 
  • The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate fell to 6.7%—the lowest since comparable records began in 1998—from 6.8% in April, according to data from the country's labor agency Thursday. Economists had expected the adjusted unemployment rate to remain at 6.8%.
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Fell by .1% from April to May. Lowest since comparable records begann in 1998 
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • 2.855 million from 2.963 million
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Figures for a graph 
    • Nich Fabrici
       
      Maybe a Phillips Curve Analysis would be interesting?
  • Germany's economy grew by 0.5% in the first quarter of 2012
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Possible cause to decrease in unemployment 
  • Earlier Thursday, Germany's statistics office reported a higher than expected rise in retail sales in April, which economists attributed in part to the robust labor market.
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Another cause 
  • However, Germany's Bundesbank warned last week that the first-quarter growth figure likely overstates the country's trend pace. Germany's powerful industrial sector will only make "a relatively small contribution" to growth given the still falling demand from the euro zone, the central bank said. However, a significant growth contribution could come both from construction and consumption, it added.
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Hint at what will happen in the following year
    • Adam Seldis
       
      Look at it from AD/AS diagram perspective. What might also be the consequences?
Erica Nozawa

Spain 'in huge crisis' as unemployment hits record levels - Telegraph - 3 views

    • Erica Nozawa
       
      This suggests Spain's involvement in the Euro crisis, and how unemployment rose as a result. 
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      'Record unemployment' gives us an idea of the magnitude of the impact the euro crisis had on Spain. I could discuss the type of unemployment and what could be done to improve the situation. In this case, the type of unemployment would be cyclical, as it occurs partly as a result of the business cycle.
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      Unemployment is macroeconomics. 
  • ...1 more annotation...
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      Consumer spending is one of the key factors of macroeconomics. Consumer spending could have dropped partly because of the increasing unemployment rate, causing consumers to hold off spending. This means a drop in demand, thus a drop in supply, a decline in GDP, the shifting inwards on the PPF curve, the increase in government spending to pay for unemployment benefit, thus an increase in deficit, and in some cases the outset of deflation.
Emily Hoshi

Why do economists describe climate change as a 'market failure'? | Environment | guardi... - 3 views

  • tax on emissions or an emissions trading scheme.
  •  
    this is my 1st IA!
Riley Rademaker

BBC News - Chivas Brothers outlines £40m whisky investment plans - 3 views

  • Drinks firm Chivas Brothers has outlined a £40m investment programme as it seeks to meet growing demand for whisky in emerging markets.
    • Riley Rademaker
       
      Chivas brothers trying to increase the supply because of a increase in demand
  • Chivas aims to boost its malt whisky distillation capacity by 25%
    • Riley Rademaker
       
      With the 25% you can find out the old supply
  • Glen Keith is expect to reopen in April 2013, having been mothballed in 2000.
    • Riley Rademaker
       
      This can lead to more supply and even more demand.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • This investment, allied to strong market growth
    • Riley Rademaker
       
      This investment will increase the GDP of the market
  • New heat recovery technology is also being introduced to make stills 25% more efficient.
    • Christian Bager
       
      This shows the impact of R&D on the efficiency
  • The company is to reopen a mothballed distillery in Banffshire and expand four existing distilleries as part of its plans for the year.
  • £40m investment programme for the year was in line with average amounts spent annually over the past few years.
    • Riley Rademaker
       
      The money put in R&D for chivas brothers has been consistently using the same amount of money over the past few years to develop their product
  •  
    This will be my IA article
Fuyuka Nakamura

India's GDP growth slows sharply - May. 31, 2012 - 2 views

  • sharply
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      AD/AS changed in time fast
  • In the first quarter, the country's manufacturing sector contracted and its agricultural sector slowed substantially
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      An aggregate demand and supply curve can be shown to demonstrate the decline in GDP, which resulted from the contraction in the agricultural sector/manufacturing sector. The supply curve can shift down to demonstrate how the economy is producing less.
  • due primarily to weakness in its manufacturing and agricultural sectors
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Reason for the decline in economic growth in India. Shift in AS.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Spending by both consumers and the government decelerated slightly.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      By spending to decrease, the demand curve will shift, as people demand/spend less on the good/service.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Consumer confidence is affected by the high interest rates (mentioned below)
  • tighter monetary policy
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Monetary Policy can be described. The interest rate and supply of money can be described to show how goods/services can affect economic growth.
  • interest rates high for three years to battle rapid inflation
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      As interest rates are high, the sectors will not want to borrow money, as they will be losing out on money. Consumers will also save their money rather than spend it, which then affects the aggregate demand curve. Which then affects the economic growth.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Contrationary Monetary Policy, as the Gov is trying to fight the inflation. In other words they want to lower the price levels. They do this by rising the interest rate to decrease the supply of money.
  • lower that rate slightly to try to stimulate economic growth.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Can talk about the effect of lowering the interest rates. How the consumers will start to spend rather than save and how the businesses (sectors) start to borrow money for investment, which then pumps up the economic growth.
  • lower rates further
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      the Reserve Bank of India can impose Expansionary Monetary Policy, lowering the interest rates, increasing the money supply, encouraging new consumption and investments. This will shift the AD out, increasing India's GDP within time. This will be their solution.
  • economic growth
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      About India's GDP It will involve AD and AS
  • sharply
  • India is the world's second most populous nation after China, and the 11th largest economy,
Yihan Li

$6 billion-a-year ethanol subsidy dies -- but wait there's more - U.S. News - 2 views

  • America's corn farmers have been benefiting from annual federal subsidies of around $6 billion in recent years, all in the name of ethanol used as an additive for the nation's vehicles.
    • Yihan Li
       
      A supply and demand diagram showing how the loss of subsidy should affect price
  • thanks in part to high oil prices that make ethanol competitive.
    • Yihan Li
       
       Ethanol is a substitute good of oil. High price of oil thus make ethanol relatively cheap (Calculate XED if with sufficient data)
  • tax credit
    • Yihan Li
       
      tax credit is "sum deducted from the total amount a taxpayer owes to"  
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • tax credit is up to $1.01 per gallon.
    • Yihan Li
       
      Tax credit, a form of subsidy, keeps the price low and companies profitable. 
  • corn ethanol, which now takes a larger share of the U.S. corn crop than cattle, hogs and poultry, as a factor in driving food prices higher.
  • What the industry doesn’t want to see, however, is an end to a separate tax credit for ethanol made not from corn but non-foodstuffs like switchgrass, wood chips and even the leaves and stalks of corn.
    • Yihan Li
       
      Possible evaluations 1) why government wants to keep one type of subsidy while getting rid of the another type? 2) pros and cons of keeping this subsidy 
  • That ends on Jan. 1
    • Yihan Li
       
      Possible evaluations 1)pros and cons of having subsidies for ethanol 2)was the subsidy effective 3) why did the government implement this in the first place 4) what could the government have used other than tax credit
Nofar Lapidot

BBC News - Qantas forecasts profit to slide by up to 90% - 2 views

  • highest ever fuel bill
    • Nofar Lapidot
       
      Increase in price of FoP
  • It has forecast a profit before tax of between A$50m ($48.6m; £31.6m) and A$100m for the year ending 30 June.
  • dropped as much as 18%
    • Nofar Lapidot
       
      decrease in demand 
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • double to A$450m
    • Nofar Lapidot
       
      double the losses demand shift in, supply shift in because of high price of FoP
  • competition has increased
    • Nofar Lapidot
       
      more alternatives
  •  
    Quantas profit decreases by 90%
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