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Ancient Civilizations | Ancient History for Kids - 1 views

www.ancienthistoryforkids.com/ancient-egypt Egypt Civilization
shared by jclenk on 10 Mar 22 - No Cached
  • This massive Arid climate makes it a strange place for a large population of people
  • It flows north through the Sahara creating a long oasis in the desert eventually dumping into the Mediterranean Sea
  • The Nile River is the world’s longest river
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • The Nile is divided into sections by cataracts.  A cataract is a rocky area that creates a waterfall or rapids.  There are six cataracts in the Nile river.
  •  As the water level lowered, it would leave behind rich fertile soil for farmers
  • Fresh water, irrigation, fertile soil--this is why people called it the "gift" of the Nile.
  • Around 6000 BCE the climate began to change, which might explain why many humans changed from hunting and gathering to farming.  Before civilization, early humans came to the Nile River to hunt, fish, and gather food, but gradually as people learned to farm and domesticate animals (about 7000 BCE and 5500 BCE), and therefore live in permanent settlements, areas around the Nile became more crowded.
  • The change from nomadic hunter-gatherers to civilized living followed the same pattern as other places around the world: farming provided extra food, which allowed the division of labor, which allows the development of government and religion and creates social classes. 
  • Historians call them Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt
  • We know so much about the Egyptians because there are so many written resources and because their culture lasted so long with few interruptions
  • Another reason we know so much about Egypt is because they made their architecture out of stone, which has lasted for the most part. 
  • Religion was a the center of Egyptian life.  Egyptians believed in many Gods, so they were polytheistic.
  • Later Egyptians would call their kings “pharaoh”.  Egyptian people believed the pharaoh was a living God, so the Egyptians developed a theocracy, or a government ruled by religious leaders.  This is important to understanding why Egyptian people were so willing to give their grain to the Pharaoh and build him or her incredible temples—they thought the Pharaoh was a living God that would be with them forever in eternity.
  • The most well-known ritual was mummification.  Egyptians believed in life after death, and they wanted the body to look life-like.  Anyone could be mummified if they had enough money
  • Egyptians were a very advanced civilization due to their inventions and technology.  Egyptians developed a writing system called hieroglyphs that combined pictures and symbols.  Eventually, they created an alphabet from their symbols.  In 1822 CE a European explorer found what is called the Rossetta Stone (left picture)--a stone with the same message written in 3 different languages, which finally allowed historians to translate ancient hieroglyphs. Egyptians developed a 365-day calendar and used a number system based on 10. Egyptians figured out amazing ways to cut stone to use in their temples and obelisks.  An obelisk is a tall narrow monument that becomes more narrow as it goes up.  They created a writing material similar to paper called papyrus from reeds found in the Nile.  Egyptians were excellent ship builders and excelled at mathematics.  They used fractions, decimals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and basic ideas of geometry.  Egyptian art and architecture is famous and has been reused and copied by many other civilization including Greece, Rome, and even the United States
  • Egyptian life depended on what social class you were a part of.
  • At the top of society was the Pharaoh.  Below the Pharaoh was the royal court (Pharaoh's family), high priests, government officials, and scribes and nobles (rich land owners).  Below them were doctors and engineers, craftsman, and then farmers and unskilled workers at the bottom.  Egyptians did use some slaves, but slavery is hardly mentioned in their writings.
  • Bread was the main food source, but they would have eaten meat during festivals. 
  • Egypt's history is divided into six different time periods
  • creating Egypt's first dynasty.  He defeated some enemies and united Upper and Lower Egypt into one civilization.
  • One of the first major Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom was Djoser.  His temple was one of the first pyramids Egyptians tried to build.  It was a "step pyramid" and it started the tradition of building pyramids as a burial ground for Pharaohs. Although the term "Pharaoh" wasn't used until much later, we will keep using it to refer to Egyptian kings.   
  • Hatshepsut was a women Pharaoh.  Her tomb is an amazingly long ramp leading to a temple that has been cut out of a mountain.  Pharaoh Akhenaten tried to start a new religious tradition of worshipping only one God.  Worshipping one God is called monotheism.  This did not sit well with the polytheistic population that has honored many gods for thousands of years.  After Akhenaten's death his monuments were destroyed and his name was removed from the list of kings. Years later he was often referred to as, "the enemy". Akhenaten's son would also become famous, thousands of years later when his tomb was found perfectly preserved. His name was Pharaoh Tutankhamen--he is known and King Tut. He became Pharaoh at age 9 or 10 and ruled for only 9 years.
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For 40 Years, This Russian Family Was Cut Off From All Human Contact, Unaware of WWII |... - 0 views

www.smithsonianmag.com/...of-World-War-II-188843001.html via:packrati.us anthropology russian isolation Siberia archaeology history
shared by Daryl Bambic on 28 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • This forest is the last and greatest of Earth's wildernesses. It stretches from the furthest tip of Russia's arctic regions as far south as Mongolia, and east from the Urals to the Pacific: five million square miles of nothingness, with a population, outside a handful of towns, that amounts to only a few thousand people.
  • iberia is the source of most of Russia's oil and mineral resources, and, over the years, even its most distant parts have been overflown by oil prospectors and surveyors on their way to backwoods camps where the work of extracting wealth is carried on.
  • summer of 1978
  • ...36 more annotations...
  • more than 150 miles from the nearest settlement,
  • Well, since you have traveled this far, you might as well come in.'
  • omething from the middle ages. Jerry-built from whatever materials came to hand, the dwelling was not much more than a burrow—"a low, soot-blackened log kennel that was as cold as a cellar," with a floor consisting of potato peel and pine-nut shells. Looking around in the dim light, the visitors saw that it consisted of a single room. It was cramped, musty and indescribably filthy, propped up by sagging joists—and, astonishingly, home to a family of five:
  • Have you ever eaten bread?
  • "We are not allowed that!"
  • he daughters spoke a language distorted by a lifetime of isolation. "When the sisters talked to each other, it sounded like a slow, blurred cooing."
  • a member of a fundamentalist Russian Orthodox sect, worshiping in a style unchanged since the 17th century.
  • Peter was a personal enemy and "the anti-Christ in human form"—a point he insisted had been amply proved by Tsar's campaign to modernize Russia by forcibly "chopping off the beards of Christians."
  • Things had only got worse for the Lykov family when the atheist Bolsheviks took power. Under the Soviets, isolated Old Believer communities that had fled to Siberia to escape persecution began to retreat ever further from civilization. During the purges of the 1930s, with Christianity itself under assault, a Communist patrol had shot Lykov's brother on the outskirts of their village while Lykov knelt working beside him. He had responded by scooping up his family and bolting into forest.
  • our Lykovs then—Karp;
  • wife, Akulina
  • son named Savin
  • Natalia, a daughter who was only 2.
  • wo more children had been born in the wild—Dmitry in 1940 and Agafia in 1943—
  • d neither of the youngest Lykov children had ever seen a human being who was not a member of their famil
  • new there were places called cities where humans lived crammed together in tall buildings. They had heard there were countries other than Russia. But such concepts were no more than abstractions to them. Their only reading matter was prayer books and an ancient family Bible. Akulina had used the gospels to teach her children to read and write, using sharpened birch sticks dipped into honeysuckle juice as pen and ink. When Agafia was shown a picture of a horse, she recognized it from her mother's Bible stories. "Look, papa," she exclaimed. "A steed!"
  • e traversed 250 kilometres [155 miles] without seeing a single human dwelling!"
  • They fashioned birch-bark galoshes in place of shoes. Clothes were patched and repatched until they fell apart, then replaced with hemp cloth grown from seed.
  • pinning wheel a
  • A couple of kettles served them well for many years, but when rust finally overcame them, the only replacements they could fashion came from birch bark.
  • heir staple diet was potato patties mixed with ground rye and hemp seeds.
  • bundance
  • stream. Stands of larch, spruce, pine and birch yielded all that anyone could take.... Bilberries and raspberries were close to hand, firewood as well, and pine nuts fell right on the roof."
  • rmanently on the edge of famine.
  • not until the late 1950s, when Dmitry reached manhood, that they first trapped animals for their meat and skins. Lacking guns and even bows, they could hunt only by digging traps or pursuing prey across the mountains until the animals collapsed from exhaustion
  • Old Karp was usually delighted by the latest innovations that the scientists brought up from their camp, and though he steadfastly refused to believe that man had set foot on the moon, he adapted swiftly to the idea of satellites.
  • "What amazed him most of all," Peskov recorded, "was a transparent cellophane package. 'Lord, what have they thought up—it is glass, but it crumples!
  • Agafia's unusual speech—she had a singsong voice and stretched simple words into polysyllables—convinced some of her visitors she was slow-witted; in fact she was markedly intelligent, and took charge of the difficult task, in a family that possessed no calendars, of keeping track of time. 
  • mitry, a
  • urious and perhaps the most forward-looking member of the family
  • Perhaps it was no surprise that he was also the most enraptured by the scientists' technology.
  • many happy hours in its little sawmill, marveling at how easily a circular saw and lathes could finish wood.
  • Karp Lykov fought a long and losing battle with himself to keep all this modernity at bay. When they first got to know the geologists, the family would accept only a single gift—salt
  • hey took knives, forks, handles, grain and eventually even pen and paper and an electric torch.
  • but the sin of television, which they encountered at the geologists' camp, proved irresistible for them.... On their rare appearances, they would invariably sit down and watch. Karp sat directly in front of the screen. Agafia watched poking her head from behind a door. She tried to pray away her transgression immediately—whispering, crossing herself.... The old man prayed afterward, diligently and in one fell swoop.
  • he Lord would provide, and she would stay, she said—as indeed she has. A quarter of a century later, now in her seventies herself, this child of the taiga lives on alone, high above the Abakan.
  • Daryl Bambic on 28 Mar 13
     
    An amazing story of a Russian Orthodox family who ran from Soviet persecution in the 1930 and survived in the wilderness of Siberia. The children had never seen other humans, developed their own dialect and lived on the perpetual edge of the world.  Several family members were enthralled with technology, others were fearful but all were exceptionally intelligent.
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Winged Sandals: History: Athenian Politics and Government - 0 views

www.abc.net.au/...history5.htm Task2- direct democracy
shared by mrs. b. on 28 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Direct Democracy
  • Athens, however, every governmental decision had to be made by a big assembly of all eligible citizens who wanted to take part – in some cases, this had to be at least 6,000 citizens. This is called a "direct democracy".
  • The Athenian assembly – which is the ancestor of a modern day parliament sitting – would meet in a large open-air area on the side of a hill in Athens called the Pnyx. Only male citizens over the age of 20 were allowed to take part. Women, children, slaves and foreigners were not permitted to participate in any part of Athenian democracy. Any member of the assembly could speak and make proposals (at least in theory), and everyone at the assembly voted on each issue by a show of hands. The assembly met at least 40 times a year. Sometimes, the authorities had trouble rounding up enough people to attend the assembly, so they would send out slaves carrying ropes dipped in red dye. Anybody that they hit would be fined, so people would run from the slaves to the Pnyx where they were safe and join the assembly.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The Council of 500 The Athenians also had a council with 500 members (called the "boule"), which prepared the agenda for the assembly and carried out its decisions. This council also administered the state finances and a number of other state affairs. The members were chosen by lottery from the population of citizen men over the age of 30 and served for one year. A man was allowed to be a member only twice in his whole lifetime
  • Juries in ancient Athens were also chosen by lottery drawn from any male citizens over the age of 30 who volunteered at the start of each year. Juries were made up of different numbers depending on the type of case.
  • Witnesses were allowed, but unlike today, there was no cross-examination. Imprisonment was not used as a punishment following a conviction in ancient Athens – usually a person found guilty either had to pay a fine or was put to death.
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Greece - Archaic Age of Ancient Greece - 1 views

ancienthistory.about.com/...ArchaicGreece.htm
shared by Daria N on 17 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • Daria N
      Daria N on 17 Oct 12
       
      This website has loads of information about how Greece mythology was created and whom it was created by.
  • The Archaic Age was a time of expansion. Greeks from the mainland set out to settle the Ionian coast. There they had contact with the novel ideas of native populations in Asia Minor. Certain Milesian colonists began to question the world around them, to look for a pattern in life or cosmos, thereby becoming the first philosophers.
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Ohio vs. greece - Wolfram|Alpha - 0 views

www.wolframalpha.com/input Ohio Greece Geography
shared by Garth Holman on 28 Sep 16 - No Cached
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 28 Sep 16
       
      Based on this chart: is Greece or Ohio have a higher Population Density?
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 28 Sep 16
       
      Based on Highest and lowest point, what you can you say is the difference between geography of Greece and Ohio?
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geography - National Geographic Society - 1 views

nationalgeographic.org/...geography Geography
shared by Garth Holman on 19 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments.
  • They also examine how human culture interacts with the natural environment, and the way that locations and places can have an impact on people.
  • geography" comes to us from the ancient Greeks,
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • geo means “earth” and -graphy means “to write.” 
  • located in relation to other places,
  • what their own and other places were like, and how people and environments were distributed. These concerns have been central to geography ever since.
  • Throughout human history, most societies have sought to understand something about their place in the world, and the people and environments around them.
  • More importantly, they also raised questions about how and why different human and natural patterns came into being on Earth’s surface, and why variations existed from place to place. The effort to answer these questions about patterns and distribution led them to figure out that the world was round, to calculate Earth’s circumference, and to develop explanations of everything from the seasonal flooding of the Nile River to differences in population densities from place to place.
  • Advances in geography were chiefly made by scientists of the Muslim world, based around the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. Geographers of this Islamic Golden Age created the world’s first rectangular map based on a grid, a map system that is still familiar today. Islamic scholars also applied their study of people and places to agriculture, determining which crops and livestock were most suited to specific habitats or environments.
  • They were the first to use the compass for navigational purposes.
  • Age of Discovery
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Spanish Inquisition 1478 - 0 views

www.donquijote.org/...inquisition.asp
shared by Shira H on 03 May 12 - Cached
    • Shira H
      Shira H on 03 May 12
       
      Christianity was the most widespread faith. Jews for a variety of reasons , most if the religious, and say the Spanish Inquisition as a means of controlling the Jewish population , removing the actual source of the problem. 
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slavery in ancient civilizations - 1 views

histclo.com/...sla-anc.html
shared by lizzy k on 17 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • In our modern world there are few human practices that inspire such profound outrage as the practice of one human being enslaving another. This is, however, a very modern sentiment. The institution of slavery probably predates civilization itself. Slavery was an accepted institution and central to the economies of most major world civilization. Slaves were were often war captives, both captured warriors and the women and children of conquered populations. The offspring of these enslaved people provided a vast slave work force. The victors in battle might enslave the losers rather than kill them. Slavery in many early civilizations is poorly understood. Slavery in ancient Egypt is a poorly understood topic. We have done some work on Egyptian social classes, but destinguishing slaves from other groups with limited freedom is a challenging task that scholars have found very difficult. The same is true for the many civilizations of Mesopotamia. Slavery in both Greece and Rome are much better understood and were major components of the work force. Slaves in Greece and Rome were drawn from widly differing peoples and there was no association with race. Slaves might be blond, blue eyed Anglo-Saxons from Britania or blacks from Sahara as well as evry other racial type. Slavery in Rome had no racial basis. This appears to have been the general pattern in the ancient world. Even those of Italian stock were enslaved. It was thus impossible to tell from one's features if they were a slave. This complicated control. The Senate debated establishing a destinctive dress for slaves. In the end, the Senate decided against a slave attire, partly because they decided it was dangerous because it would show the slaves just how numerous they were. As in the Americn South, slavery was justified on the basis of the natural inferiority of certain individuals.
  • lizzy k on 17 Nov 11
     
    Slavery
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Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History - 0 views

www.britannica.com/...article-24156 china
shared by ryan s on 17 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Slavery is known to have existed as early as the Shang dynasty (18th–12th century BC) in China. It has been studied thoroughly in ancient Han China (206 BC–AD 25), where perhaps 5 percent of the population was enslaved. Slavery continued to be a feature of Chinese society down to the 20th century. For most of that period it appears that slaves were generated in the same ways they were elsewhere, including capture in war, slave raiding, and the sale of insolvent debtors. In addition, the Chinese practiced self-sale into slavery, the sale of women and children (to satisfy debts or because the seller could not feed them), and the sale of the relatives of executed criminals. Finally, kidnapping seems to have produced a regular flow of slaves at some times. The go-between or middleman was an important figure in the sale of local people into slavery; he provided the distance that made such slaves into outsiders, for the purchasers did not know their origins. Chinese family boundaries were relatively permeable, and some owners established kinlike relations with their slaves; male slaves were appointed as heirs when no natural offspring existed. As was also the case in other slave-owning societies, slaves in China were often luxury consumption items who constituted a drain on the economy. Th
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Dgh - Spanish Inquisition - 0 views

dgh.wikispaces.com/Spanish+Inquisition
shared by bridget l on 03 May 12 - No Cached
  • Records show about 2,000 people were sentenced to die in Spain alone and over the course of the inquisition thousands were killed. Many things caused the Inquisition, and there were many lasting effects.
    • bridget l
      bridget l on 29 Apr 15
       
      These lasting effects stated here was that now in Spain 97% of the population is now catholic which conveys how the Spanish Inquisition is close to becoming all-catholic however, many perished to come to this state.
  • This made Spain a predominantly Catholic society,which changed many aspects of their country and impacted the life in Spanish colonies in the new world.
    • bridget l
      bridget l on 29 Apr 15
       
      The Spanish Inquisition was also brought towards the lands Spain colonized spreading Catholicism and dominating over other religions.
  • Alexander AER on 03 May 12
     
    The website I used for the May 2 DA.
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The World Factbook - 0 views

www.cia.gov/...gr.html
shared by Rachel R on 29 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • parliamentary republic
  • 1830 (from the Ottoman Empire)
  • During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations.
  • Maria O on 29 Sep 15
     
    Greece You will find geography, Communications, Energy, Government. etc...
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The Genographic Project - Human Migration, Population Genetics, Maps, DNA - National Ge... - 0 views

genographic.nationalgeographic.com/...globe.html SocialStudies 7th
shared by Alexander AER on 01 Nov 11 - No Cached
    • Alexander AER
      Alexander AER on 01 Nov 11
       
      Notice how human migration declines over time?
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Ancient Greece - Art and Architecture, Sculpture, Pottery and Greek Temples - 1 views

www.ancientgreece.com/Art
shared by brock j on 04 Nov 11 - Cached
  • Acropolis in Greek means "The Sacred Rock, the high city". All around the world the Acropolis of Athens is known as 'The Acropolis'. There are many Acropolises in Greece but the Acropolis of Athens is the best known. The Acropolis is primarily dedicated to the Goddess Athena. But humans from the prehistoric era have populated the Acropolis and the caves around it. Situated in the middle of Athens, many myths, festivals and important events are connected to the sacred Acropolis. The Acropolis echoes the grandeur and the power of the Athenian empire....
  • brock j on 04 Nov 11
     
    this is cool things about the acropolis
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Dgh - Rise of Agicultural Soicety - 0 views

dgh.wikispaces.com/Rise+of+Agicultural+Soicety
shared by tsofia gordon on 01 Nov 11 - No Cached
  • permanent settlement
    • Noah m
      Noah m on 01 Nov 11
       
      hi
  • This resulted upon the sign of the times when people depended on hunters and gatherers to get their food. Groups of people would have to move to new areas when food or water became scarce. As the animals migrated the people followed to maintain a sustainable food supply. Hunting and gathering was the only way early people could survive, but these two jobs were both difficult and dangerous.
  • Once people could produce a surplus of food there was an increase in population and more people could specialize in different areas of work (see specialization).
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • he Rise of the Agricultural Society
  • (world map during ice age)As
  • People started growing their own food
  • This was the first time farming was seen in the world. This created the first farmers in the world from the middle-east
  • They stayed close to any source of water and planted new fields of wheat and barley using irrigation.
  • Domesticatio
    • tsofia gordon
      tsofia gordon on 01 Nov 11
       
      people for using anmuiles for thire one good
  • People were only able to live in (Domestication)numbers by becoming more productive farmers, but people now had more stable food supply because of domestication, using animals to the fullest, and keeping them secure (new way of life).
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Digital History - 3 views

www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/...us1.cfm
shared by jmarks j on 16 May 13 - No Cached
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 16 May 13
       
      Creed means: statement of faith that describes the beliefs shared by a religious community.  This is talking about religion.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 16 May 13
       
      Idolaters:  people who worship idols
  • no creed and they are not idolaters,
  • very gentle and do not know what it is to be wicked, or to kill others, or to steal
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • they are sure that we come from Heaven
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 16 May 13
       
      Why does Columbus think the natives should become Christians? 
  • They have no iron or steel, nor any weapons.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 16 May 13
       
      What is Columbus really saying?  What do these words mean? 
    • azheng a
      azheng a on 21 May 14
       
      He's saying that he can conquer them easily.
  • They willingly traded everything they owned.
  • They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 16 May 13
       
      What does Columbus say here?  What does he mean by subjugate them? 
  • They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks' bells.
  • How accurate do you consider Columbus's description of the New World?
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 May 14
       
      These are very important question to think about Christopher Columbus.
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 May 14
       
      This graph is also important because it talks about diseases that affected the indian population.
  • 3. Why, according to Columbus, should Spain be interested in colonizing the New World?
  • 2. How does Columbus describe the Indians
    • cglosser c
      cglosser c on 21 May 14
       
      This is a graph talking about the explorers that visited the Americas.
    • jmarks j
      jmarks j on 22 May 14
       
      It talks about the travelers who discovered new things in or near the Americas.
  • Garth Holman on 16 May 13
     
    Primary document of Columbus words to the King. 
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Ways in Which Geography Impacted Rome's Development | Education - Seattle PI - 4 views

education.seattlepi.com/ed-romes-development-5570.html
shared by bridget l on 02 Dec 14 - No Cached
  • Rome atop seven different hills
  • Building the city on high ground forced any attacking army to fight its way uphill, giving the defending forces a major advantage.
  • The Romans understood this advantage and built fortresses on top of several of the hills.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • Rome's naturally defenses made the city almost immune to attack,
  • The soil and the mild climate helped the Romans grow surplus olives and grain. Reliable food production allowed the population to grow, and the trade in olives and olive oil helped the Roman economy expand.
  • the republic had virtually no naval forces. To facilitate their invasion of Carthage, the Romans had to build 150 ships from scratch
  • lack of viable ports.
  • Rome's geography forced the Romans to rely on overland transportation much more than other empires. The absence of ports and small number of major rivers lead the Romans to build a massive network of roads.
  • 80,000 kilometers of roadways,
  • transportation system made the city of Rome the critical trade hub
  • Garth Holman on 02 Dec 14
     
    The seven hills.
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Athenian democracy - 1 views

www.princeton.edu/...Athenian_democracy.html government athens democracy greece
shared by mluxenburg m on 29 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Athenian democracy developed in the Greek city-state of Athens, comprising the central city-state of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica, around 508 BC. Athens was one of the first known democracies.
  • It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right.
  • Solon (594 BC), Cleisthenes (508/7 BC), and Ephialtes (462 BC) all contributed to the development of Athenian democracy.
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • It is most usual to date Athenian democracy from Cleisthenes, since Solon's constitution fell and was replaced by the tyranny of Peisistratus, whereas Ephialtes revised Cleisthenes' constitution relatively peacefully. Hipparchus, Hippias, was killed by
  • Harmodius and Aristogeiton, who were subsequently honored by the Athenians for their alleged restoration of Athenian freedom
  • The greatest and longest lasting democratic leader was Pericles; after his death, Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolution
  • 1 Etymology
  • 2 Participation and exclusion 2.1 Size and make-up of the Athenian population 2.2 Citizenship in Athens 3 Main bodies of governance 3.1 Assembly
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Ancient Greece for Kids - Athens - 3 views

www.chiddingstone.kent.sch.uk/...athens.htm Task2- government of Ancient Athens
shared by mrs. b. on 28 Oct 12 - No Cached
  • Athens did not have a king, it was ruled by the people as a democracy. The people of Athens believed that no one group of people should make the laws and so citizens could choose the government officials, and vote for or against new laws. The people of Athens chose their ruler. They held a large meeting on the slopes of a hill in Athens where any citizen could speak, and tell the government what it should be doing. This was called the Assembly, and there had to be at least 6,000 citizens at every Assembly. Athenian democracy was not like modern democracy. Only citizens over 18 could vote. Women, slaves and foreigners could not become citizens. So democracy in Athens meant rule by the men of Athens. Slavery Slaves made up about a quarter of the working population on Athens. Most were people who had been captured in warfare and sold to slave dealers. They were then put on sale in the slave market.
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resourcesforhistoryteachers - 7.27 - 1 views

resourcesforhistoryteachers.wikispaces.com/7.27 Comparing Athens and Sparta Government
shared by mrs. b. on 29 Oct 13 - No Cached
  • Besides the obvious differences in philosophies, there is a very big difference in geography that cause these differences. Ancient Athens was situated somewhat close to the coast; it was only about five miles to the port city of Piraeus (which became part of Athens with the building of the Long Walls), thus it was no more then a few hours of travel from Athens to the coast line, thus greatly increasing the ability to be a trade center. Ancient Sparta however is located at the shortest distance 40 miles from the coast, however the terrain is somewhat rocky and there is no real straight path to the coast line. This would have greatly impeded the ability for Sparta to become a major trading port
  • Spartan Government Typically classified as an "oligarchy" ( rule by the few), but had elements of monarchy, democracy, and aristocracy Two kings were usually generals who commanded the major Spartan armies. While both were capable military leaders one was usually considered the leader of the army. This was done mainly so that in times of war Sparta would still retain a leader if the other were to die in battle. The most famous example was King Leonidas, who famously was able to hold off the enormous Persian Army at the battle of Thermoplyae.Five overseers (ephors) ran the day-to-day operations of Sparta. These overseers held one year terms and were responsible for the education and conduct of all its citizens (The Essential World History, W. Duiker & J. Spielvogel, Second Edition, 2005, p. 76)Council or Senate (apella) of 28 councilmen. These men had to be over 60 years old and served lifetime terms. They acted as judges and proposed laws to the citizens' assembly.All Spartan males over age 30 could join the Assembly where they could show their support/dissent by shouting.
  • Athens Government Typically classified as a “limited democracy.” Also considered the “birthplace of democracy.” Athens held the first democratic state, developed in 507 BC.Principally made up of elected officials:Council of 500 made most of the main administrative decisionsThe Assembly was open to all citizens. This body passed laws and made policy decisions.Although many nations throughout time have modeled their governments on the principles of Athenian Democracy, it was not perfect. Only men were able to participate in the democratic assemblies, and this was only 10-20% of the population. Women, children, slaves and foreigners were not allowed to participate
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    • mrs. b.
      mrs. b. on 29 Oct 13
       
      Why did Athens become seafaring?  
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BBC News | Health | A millennium of health improvement - 0 views

news.bbc.co.uk/...241864.stm Middle Ages quest4 social life expectancy
shared by Garth Holman on 10 Feb 16 - No Cached
  • In the medieval world, there was a belief that only miracles were so powerful
  • full and healthy life for men was making it through early childhood. For women, it was making it past childbearing age.
  • boy had reached 20 he could hope to live to 45, and if he made it to 30 he had a good chance of making it into his fifties.
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • main threats lay in early childhood, as the child's immune system was coming to terms with the threats posed by a disease-ridden environment.
  • Thatch roofs were common in the countryside (where 85-90% of the population lived) and they attracted insects and rodents
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 10 Feb 16
       
      Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge (Cladium mariscus), rushes, or heather, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates. See images:  https://www.google.com/search?q=Thatch+roofs&safe=strict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjttJ-5su3KAhXDzoMKHXb_D-EQ_AUIBygB&biw=1374&bih=676&dpr=0.9
  • They carried bacteria, which they deposited either on the inhabitants or the food they would eat
  • There was no plumbing, so human waste was deposited outside - but not too far from - the house. Such material produced a breeding ground for the biggest killers of the period, cholera and typhoid, which were caused by unsanitary living conditions.
  • body lice living on infected people.
  • increased risk of death as a result of accidents at work.
  • It was noblemen who were most successful at keeping themselves clean, and they surrounded themselves with well-scrubbed servants.
  • But between the ages of 14 and 40 - the years of having children - a woman's life expectancy was half that of a man's.
  • One reason offered for this is that having babies in the middle ages was more dangerous than going to war
  • less sanitary, and put the mother at a high risk of fatal infection.
  • Food storage was also primitive, with no refrigeration except in winter, and consumers showed a tolerance of slightly rancid goods because there was a general shortage of food.
  • while relatives of the afflicted prayed for miracles.
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