Many people overlook the connection between the Mongol empire and the Black Death. However, the great Eurasian empire may have been responsible for this epidemic.
Compares Frankish Kingdom with Abbasid Caliphate, Tang China, and the Byzantine Empire. Show's the Franks as the least developed state. Excellent opening anecdote about the failure of a Frankish canal.
"Other countries could write similar books – but they would be much
shorter. I don't think anyone could match this, although the Americans had a
later start and have been working hard on it in the twentieth century."
The only other nation which has achieved anything approaching the British
total, Mr Laycock said, is France – which also holds the unfortunate record
for having endured the most British invasions.
Mr Laycock added: "One one level, for the British, it is quite amazing
and quite humbling, that this is all part of our history, but clearly there
are parts of our history that we are less proud of. The book is not intended
as any kind of moral judgment on our history or our empire. It is meant as a
light-hearted bit of fun."
The countries never invaded by the British:
Andorra
Belarus
Bolivia
Burundi
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo, Republic of
Guatemala
Ivory Coast
Kyrgyzstan
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Mali
Marshall Islands
Monaco
Mongolia
Paraguay
Sao Tome and Principe
Sweden
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Vatican City
The documents show that colonial officials were instructed to separate those papers to be left in place after independence – usually known as "Legacy files" – from those that were to be selected for destruction or removal to the UK. In many colonies, these were described as watch files, and stamped with a red letter W.
The documents show that colonial officials were instructed to separate those papers to be left in place after independence – usually known as "Legacy files" – from those that were to be selected for destruction or removal to the UK. In many colonies, these were described as watch files, and stamped with a red letter W.
As independence grew closer, large caches of files were removed from colonial ministries to governors' offices, where new safes were installed.In Uganda, the process was codenamed Operation Legacy. In Kenya, a vetting process, described as "a thorough purge", was overseen by colonial Special Branch officers.
Clear instructions were issued that no Africans were to be involved: only an individual who was "a servant of the Kenya government who is a British subject of European descent" could participate in the purge.
Many of the watch files ended up at Hanslope Park. They came from 37 different former colonies, and filled 200 metres of shelving. But it is becoming clear that much of the most damning material was probably destroyed. Officials in some colonies, such as Kenya, were told that there should be a presumption in favour of disposal of documents rather than removal to the UK – "emphasis is placed upon destruction" – and that no trace of either the documents or their incineration should remain.
They say this was one of the major differences between the British and French handling of withdrawal from empire - not only criminal records, but historical and legal documents of many kinds.
"The New Laws of the Indies, 1542
The Laws and ordinances newly made by His Majesty for the
government of the Indies and good treatment and preservation of the Indians
created a set of pro-Indian laws - so pro-Indian that they some had to be
revoked in Mexico and in Peru due to settler opposition. where the viceroy was
killed when he attempted to enforce them.
The conflict was between "feudalists" who favored the
encomienda system because it maintained society as in the Old World, and the
more centralizing "regalists" who wanted to preserve royal power in Spain;s new
Empire. Eventually the encomienda was allowed to continue.
Charles by the divine clemency Emperor ever august, King of
Germany. . . . To the Most Illustrious Prince Don Philip our very dear and very
beloved grandson and son, and to the Infantes our grandsons and sons, and to the
President, and those of our Council of the Indies, and to our Viceroys,
Presidents and Auditors of our Audiencias and royal Chanceries of our said
Indies, Islands and Continent of the Ocean Sea; to our Governors, Alcaldes
mayores and our other Authorities thereof, and to all the Councils, magistrates,
regidores, knights, esquires, officers, and commoners of all the cities, towns,
and villages of our said Indies, Islands, and Tierra-firme of the Ocean Sea,
discovered and to be discovered; and to any other persons, captains,
discoverers, settlers, and inhabitants dwelling in and being natives thereof, of
whatever state, quality, condition and pre-eminence they may be. . . .
Know ye, That having for many years had will and intention
as leisure to occupy ourselves with the affairs of the Indies, on account of
their great importance, as well in that touching the service of God our Lord and
increase of his holy Catholic faith, as in the preservation of the natives of
those parts, and the good government and preservation of their persons; and
although we have endeavoured
In the middle 13th century the influence of the Mongol Empire established by Genghis Khan stretched from the borders of Poland in the West to the Yellow Sea in the East. Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis, became ruler of the empire in 1260 and proceeded to consolidate his power by relinquishing the Mongol conquests outside China establishing his capital at the site of modern-day Beijing.
Essays and imagery from the BBC, on British History from the Norman period to the present. Sections include Middle Ages, Tudors, Civil War and Revolution, Empire and Sea Power, Victorian Britain, and more.