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The present study evaluated, using a well-controlled dehydration protocol, the effects of 24 h fluid deprivation (FD) on selected mood and physiological parameters. In the present cross-over study, twenty healthy women (age 25 (SE 0·78) years) participated in two randomised sessions: FD-induced dehydration v. a fully hydrated control condition. In the FD period, the last water intake was between 18.00 and 19.00 hours and no beverages were allowed until 18.00 hours on the next day (23-24 h). Water intake was only permitted at fixed periods during the control condition. Physiological parameters in the urine, blood and saliva (osmolality) as well as mood and sensations (headache and thirst) were compared across the experimental conditions. Safety was monitored throughout the study. The FD protocol was effective as indicated by a significant reduction in urine output. No clinical abnormalities of biological parameters or vital signs were observed, although heart rate was increased by FD. Increased urine specific gravity, darker urine colour and increased thirst were early markers of dehydration. Interestingly, dehydration also induced a significant increase in saliva osmolality at the end of the 24 h FD period but plasma osmolality remained unchanged. The significant effects of FD on mood included decreased alertness and increased sleepiness, fatigue and confusion. The most consistent effects of mild dehydration on mood are on sleep/wake parameters. Urine specific gravity appears to be the best physiological measure of hydration status in subjects with a normal level of activity; saliva osmolality is another reliable and noninvasive method for assessing hydration status.

This article talks about swallowing conditions of a person suffering from dysphagia. Let's discuss more. People suffering from dysphagia face problem in swallowing liquids and food. People having dysphagia in the worst conditions may face difficulty in swallowing saliva or may even face total swallowing inability.

For those that aren't aware of how Swine Flu spreads… It is said that pigs with the influenza virus suffer from a running nose, lethargy,etc. It is a contagious virus as it spreads from one pig to another if and when in contact. The virus spreads quickly among people too, especially, if mucus or saliva particles are transmitted through a cough, sneeze, etc. The H1N1 virus is called Swine Flu that spreads among humans yearly.

Do you know? 71% of Earth's Surface is covered with water. As water is a natural flavorless substance and most essential for all living beings on the earth. Almost 60% of the Human body is made up of water. So, the query arises that How much water should I drink in a day? It differs according to factors such as age, gender, and place where we live. Male requires more water than female because body fat of male is less as compared to female, also the amount of energy spent by a male is higher than female. Men require about 3 liters of water in a day i.e 0.79 gallons (12 Cups) whereas Women require 2.2 liters of water in a day i.e 0.58 gallons (9 Cups). Fruits, Vegetables, Smoothies, Milk, Herbal teas contain lots of water. Although water is best as it's zero calories and freely available. According to the weight of an individual one must drink half an ounce of water for every pound they weigh. Carry your water bottle where ever you go. Our body losses water in the form of saliva, urine, sweat, breathing, etc. This leads to a large amount of water loss from the body. So, to keep yourself, hydrated one must have more intake of water. Kids should have more water to keep them healthy. As it will help them to stay the active full day. Kids have more activities such as going to school, study, playing, etc as compared to adults. So, for the perfect growth of child parents should take care of their water intake.

DNA testing plays an important role in health, fitness, and nutrition. It also gives us important information about diseases and health conditions. Don't think much order DNA kit and live a healthy life.