but also in the society that continues to
produce them. Before juvenile violence became so widespread,
many dramatic changes had occurred in Colombia. First of all,
there are historical factors. The gangs emerged in areas
characterized by massive rural migration. By and large, the
state had completely forgotten these areas by the 1970s.
Residents were condemned to the world of "informality"--a
world in which the rights and obligations of citizenship were
lacking. The sons of these migrants from the Colombian
countryside grew up on the edge of legality. They were
treated as second-class citizens, to be dealt with only by
the police.