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When the 1860 federal census was collected and enumerated, slavery was still legal within most of the states south of the Mason-Dixon line. The 1860 federal census enumerated only free people of color in its population schedule; slaves were enumerated namelessly on a separate schedule, identified only by slave owner, age, gender, and color.

This article is part of a continuing series looking at each federal census individually. Please read the others in the archives of this column. The 1870 U. S. Census was the Ninth Decennial Census. This census is probably the single most important census for genealogists conducting research on African-American families

So appreciate your articles; I will use them to educate myself more thoroughly and may refer others to this knowledge source, as well.

Over the last six months, this column has discussed the "Anatomy" of the federal census for the years from 1870-1930, not including the mostly-destroyed 1890 census. In this series of articles, each column of the census questionnaire was examined, and clues that will aid your research were discussed. If you have missed any of these articles, you can read them again using the links below: Anatomy of the 1930 federal census Anatomy of the 1920 federal census Anatomy of the 1910 federal census Anatomy of the 1900 federal census Anatomy of the 1880 federal census Anatomy of the 1870 federal census In a discussion concerning the federal census as evidence for genealogical research, however, one must also consider the question: are census records reliable sources?

From the U.S. Census Bureau

This guide is designed to help you find out what state census records are available. We have limited the scope of this listing to include only those major sources that were generally designed by the state (or pre-state) government as a census of inhabitants and are readily accessible. Many sources exist that are not technically census records, but may assist you in locating a family. Tax lists, rent roles, voter lists, poll lists, etc. are among these. A few of them have been included.

Contains directories, yearbooks, etc. The site is not particularly user-friendly, but there's a lot of good stuff nonetheless.

Info about the 2010 census, including a countdown clock

The Census of Agriculture historically was conducted by the Census Bureau in conjunction with the population census every ten years. Since 1992, however, the Agriculture Census has been performed by the USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service every five years in years ending in "2" or "7" This is website has information going back to 1840.