Group items tagged

"Cybersecurity, along with technical resilience and sound technical governance, are the most important elements of CBDC technical design. Failure to implement a robust cybersecurity strategy and consider the risks introduced above could compromise citizen data and funds, the success of the CBDC programme, central bank reputational risk and broader opinions of the new currency. Based on past experiences in cybersecurity failures, the bar for security is not only about "keeping the bad guys out" or minimizing unauthorized account access. It must be comprehensive and consider the full spectrum of risks, ensuring that the system works as it was designed and that its integrity remains intact. Only then will CBDC be successful in achieving its goals."

"On 7 September 2021, El Salvador became the first jurisdiction to adopt bitcoin as legal tender. This initiative has raised as much enthusiasm as it has scepticism and potentially opens the door for other countries to follow suit. The initiative is underpinned by a law passed by the Legislative Assembly, with the more functional aspects left to a series of technical standards drawn up by the Central Bank of El Salvador. To facilitate its operational roll-out, the Government has opted to provide Salvadorans with a digital wallet and has also launched an ambitious educational programme aimed at the population as a whole. International organisations consider that this proposal poses significant risks to the overall economy, potentially compromising the Salvadoran monetary system and the integrity of its financial sector, and undermining the State's revenue-raising capacity. Many questions remain over the final outcome, which will largely depend on the country's ability to overcome not only the difficulties evidenced in the initiative's launch, but also other pre-existing structural shortcomings."

The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) revealed, in its submission to the Australian Senate Select Committee on Financial Technology and Regulatory Technology, that it has been conducting research on wholesale CBDC, in its in-house Innovation Lab. This included the development in 2019 of a limited proof-of-concept of a distributed ledger technology (DLT) based interbank payment system using a tokenized form of CBDC backed by exchange settlement account (ESA) balances held at the RBA. Currently, the RBA is close to finalising a project with a number of external parties that extends the earlier proof-of-concept in a number of ways, including to incorporate tokenized financial assets. The project explores the implications of delivery-versus-payment (DVP) settlement on a DLT platform as well as other programmability features of tokenized CBDC and financial assets.

The new Governor of the Bank of Mexico, Victoria Rodríguez Ceja, confirmed plans to release a retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) during 2025. During a presentation to the Mexican Senate, the Governor said the first goal of its CBDC will be financial inclusion. It also wants to provide more fast payments options and ensure the economy is efficient and interoperable. The Governor said she's also keen to enable programmable money and promote innovation. https://www.banxico.org.mx/publications-and-press/speeches/%7BD7EB1919-DE55-95ED-B0F7-0887AE4C6843%7D.pdf

Ukrainian commercial bank TASCOMBANK, and Bitt, the firm behind the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank and Central Bank of Nigeria central bank digital currency pilots, have launched a pilot project to issue an electronic hryvnia on Stellar. The pilot will test the digital currency on the use cases of programmable payroll for public employees at Diia, an IT solutions enterprise, as well as for peer-to-peer payments and merchant payments. The project is being implemented under the supervision of the National Bank of Ukraine and with the support of the Ministry of Digital Transformation.

"We propose a two-phased approach. In the first phase, the BoC introduces a centralized platform as a public-good infrastructure that establishes digital cash and ensures global/domestic interoperability. In this phase, e-KYC-based authentication leverages existing private/public sector solutions but also safeguards users' privacy/data against third-party commercial interests while complying with AML/CFT. In the second phase, the BoC will expand the platform to an enterprise-level permissioned blockchain. This shared resource will transform CBDLs into "programmable e-money" within a "social operating system" that will enable Canadians to operate, innovate, compete, and thrive in this new global digital economy."

"Smart contracts are self-executing programmable contracts between two or more parties. Smart contracts do not require a vetting authority because their legitimacy relies on decentralised ledger technologies. However, the implementation of many potentially useful smart contract applications depends upon verifying that some real-world event has taken place. This is a problem. Given its fully decentralised nature, how does a smart contract select what the true state of the world is? We show that truthful reporting about the realization of a publicly observed event cannot be implemented as a unique equilibrium in a completely decentralized environment. Our work provides a theoretical underpinning of the need for oracles and the related oracle problem."

Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) published an FAQ on its under-development Drex central bank digital currency (CBDC). "Drex will bring more speed, practicality, and lower cost to various contractual and financial transactions... In the same way that Pix - the Brazilian instant payment ecosystem - has democratized access to payment services, Drex arrives to democratize access to financial services, such as credit, investment and insurance." Programmability through smart contracts on distributed ledger technology (DLT) networks will be a key part of Drex's platform. In the current testing phase, Drex is being developed on Hyperledger Besu.

The IMF discussed Banco Central do Brasil's digital currency (CBDC) initiative in its 2023 Article IV consultation staff report. It describes the digital real (RD) as a "smart" platform for financial services based on distributed ledger technology (DLT) that leverages the digital representation of assets (tokenization) and programmability, seeking to foster innovation. At an initial stage, it will be used for deposits/accounts and other financial assets (e.g., federal government securities), while at a later stage more complex assets will be tokenized such as vehicles and real estate ownership titles, as well as rural financing solutions based on tokenized agricultural produce. The IMF report warned that a transition to a tokenized world will require changes in the legal framework that ensure a reliable bridge to reality, and additional legal provisions may be needed to ensure that holders have an actual right over a real-world asset or service.

The BIS published a survey, carried out in late 2022, of 86 central banks on their views and plans regarding central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). 93% are engaged in some form of CBDC work and that the work on retail CBDC is more advanced than on wholesale CBDC. The results also indicate that emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) are more advanced in their CBDC work than advanced economies (AEs). In addition, 80% of central banks surveyed see potential value in having both a retail CBDC and a fast payment system (FPS), because CBDC allows access to a wider set of financial institutions and the unbanked population. Also, programmability and offline payments were mentioned as features that an FPS may not provide.

"We present Hamilton, a transaction processor for CBDC that provides high throughput, low latency, and fault tolerance, and that minimizes data stored in the transaction processor and provides flexibility for multiple types of programmability and a variety of roles for financial intermediaries. Hamilton does so by decoupling the steps of transaction validation so only the validating layer needs to see the details of a transaction, and by co-designing the transaction format with a simple version of a two-phase-commit protocol, which efficiently applies state updates in parallel. An evaluation shows Hamilton achieves 1.7M transactions per second in a geo-distributed setting."

The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) has yet to determine if it should issue CBDC, but it continues to experiment. 16 firms are participating in the pilot programs, working on 14 projects on topics including programmable payments, tokenized deposits, settlement of tokenized assets and offline payments. Cross-border payments applications are especially thorny due to the legal challenges of connecting payments across multiple jurisdictions, which requires a lot of political will across multiple jurisdictions.

The Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) has opened the registration period for Brazilian financial institutions  to participate in digital real technical testing, in accordance with BCB Resolution No. 315/2023, published on April 27, 2023. The testing will involve no real transactions (so it isn't a pilot). Its aim is to validate the use of a DLT solution on the Hyperledger Besu platform, evaluating programmability and the ability to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, mainly related to privacy,  as well as its technological viability.

Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) selected 14 financial institutions to test digital real privacy and programmability functionalities through the implementation of a delivery versus payment (DvP) protocol for tokenized federal government bonds between customers from different institutions, in addition to the services that make up this transaction. The BCB received 36 proposals of interest from more than 100 institutions. The testing will involve no real transactions (so it isn't the pilot that the BCB claims it to be).

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub announced the development of a prototype developed as part of Project Dynamo that explored how institutional investors can be encouraged to finance small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through the programmability and transferability of digital trade tokens on a public blockchain. The prototype makes use of non-fungible tokens and smart contracts for SME finance. https://www.bis.org/about/bisih/topics/open_finance/dynamo.htm

The IMF published a paper that looks at how capital flow measures (CFMs) could be implemented with CBDC, and what benefits, risks and complexities could arise. There are several implications of the analysis. First, CBDC ecosystems should generally be designed such that they can accommodate the introduction of CFMs. Second, thanks to the programmability of the payment infrastructure given by the new digital technologies, certain CFMs could likely be implemented more efficiently and effectively with CBDC compared to the traditional system. Third, implementing CFMs requires central banks to collaborate on practices and standards. Finally, CFMs on CBDC need to operate alongside traditional CFMs.

"The Regulated Liability Network (RLN) is a contribution to the global debate on the future of money offered by a group of industry participants. It explores the technical, legal and business characteristics necessary to provide on-chain, 24*7 programmable, final settlement in sovereign currencies, consisting of the liabilities of both public and private regulated financial institutions. These activities could enable a more functionally rich financial system that is compliant with all existing laws and regulations."

Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) published a concept report on central bank digital currency (CBDC) for public consultation. The report recommends that the NRB move forward in with CBDC issuance plans, with design focusing on four policy goals; improving access to payments, enhancing payment system resilience, reducing currency management costs, and promoting financial inclusion. It suggests that a retail, intermediated, semi-centralized infrastructure-based CBDC that is interoperable with other domestic payment systems, is most suitable for Nepal. Also, it should be unremunerated, available 24/7 hours, quantity restrictive, and programmable for broader usage options. The next steps is to set up a cross-functional dedicated team, to carry out the exhaustive and rigorous next steps.

The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), has added a central bank digital currency (CBDC) section to the annual Global Fast Track business competition to encourage research into the use cases of digital currencies. Companies are invited invited to pitch business plans relating to the adoption, programmability, interoperability, privacy, cybersecurity, foreign exchange and liquidity management, and offline payments of CBDCs. Shortlisted applicants will then enter a pitching session exclusive for the track and compete for three awards. All qualified candidates may also have the opportunities to work with the HKMA on research projects and pilots to foster the future growth of the CBDC ecosystem.

"The argument that national currencies are already digital is a valid one. However, the innovation with CBDC is not that it is digital but that it is a digital token on a distributed ledger. Digital tokens enable instant settlement, reducing open positions and risk exposures. That gives them unique functions, including programmability, that conventional monies do not hold and that unlock new possibilities in payments. Further, the deferred settlement embedded in several current payment methods requires financial institutions to hold additional liquidity in various accounts like nostro/vostro. This could be significantly optimised using wholesale CBDC schemes."