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This paper proposes a way to equip governments and central banks with a mechanism to help ensure the continuity and sustainability of their economies, along with both speed and transparency of payments with their National Digital Value Container (NDVC). The report lays out a gatekeeper type structure where the central bank or government manages the issuance of a new national digital currency through a new category of supervised businesses named Money Service Businesses (MSBs). With Digital Value Containers (DVC), digital claims upon value are guaranteed by a central bank, in the form of CBDC, or under the Government, in the form of Fiscal Digital Currency (FDC). A DVC would allow any asset to be issued, irrespective of whether it is launched by the central bank or the government. DVCs can theoretically be used for any fungible asset and represent a complementary national payments infrastructure.

The Government of Ghana is seeking to harness the benefits of a shift from cash to digital payments by developing a national inclusive digital payments ecosystem where everyone can make - and receive - payments digitally. A Digital Payments Roadmap has been drawn up by the Ministry of Finance with support from the Better Than Cash Alliance.

The Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI) published a report that evaluates the extent to which retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) can advance financial inclusion in emerging market and developing economy (EMDE) countries. It concludes that, retail CBDC can be designed to alleviate identity gaps, and mobile phone and digital access divides through its unique ability to generate digital identity proxies and enable offline capabilities while being device agnostic. However, CBDC will not automatically advance financial inclusion, and if not designed appropriately, could reinforce existing barriers. Also, in many EMDE jurisdictions, they are likely to be limited by poor electricity coverage, access to (and affordability of) CBDC-enabled devices and limited cash-in and cash-out infrastructure. Finally, the report concludes that CBDC may not always be the right tool for addressing financial inclusion in different EMDE country contexts relative to other digital payment interventions. The unique feature of CBDC, which makes it distinct from other digital payments instruments, is that is issued by the central bank. But this feature does not necessarily make CBDC a better tool.

The National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK) kicked off a central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot involving second tier banks and their clients. The architecture of the platform allows the use of digital tenge by opening a digital account in the mobile application of the banks, between which users can make payments and money transfers. Also, Almaty city administration will distribute automated social support payments using smart contract technology. Also, participating banks have issued digital cards in cooperation with international payment systems like MasterCard and Visa, so that . holders can make digital tenge payments and transfers with familiar form factors.

"Community currencies are used to pay for products or services within specific groups defined by geographical boundaries or specific common interests. Financial crises, social emergence in developing countries, and increased access to digital devices have stimulated a growing number of communities worldwide to develop digital currency projects. These projects use technologies ranging from traditional plastic cards to mobile phones and blockchain technologies. Following the design science research approach, this paper analyzes digital community currencies (DCCs) by developing a taxonomy based on platform architecture, governance, transactionality and virtuality. By investigating 22 DCC platforms around the world, 4 groups were distinguished: local, proprietary, commons and cyber. The identification of these four different groups of digital community currencies allows us to better discuss the potentials and limitations of each one of them. The presented taxonomy can be useful to researchers and practitioners both to explain and to design DCC platforms. Discussing each of the emerging categories from the proposed taxonomy helps us to provide insights into DCCs, offering a new theoretical frame for investigating the particular case of digital payment platforms."

The National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK) announced that the next step in its "Digital Tenge" central bank digital currency (CBDC) project will be to involve stakeholders and international partners in discussions about design and pilot scenarios. In that regard, the NBK has launched a Digital Tenge Hub dialogue platform to provide training and certification of market participants, conduct design sessions to discuss methodological aspects, as well as connect new participants to test scripts on the Digital Tenge platform. It will be open to all market participants. The overall plan is, by July 2022, to develop a model to inform a decision to launch a digital tenge (or not) by the end of 2022.

"We introduce a digital currency, either as a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or a financial crypto asset (stablecoin), in the network of financial accounts. Simulating a shift of deposits by both households and non-financial corporations from the banking sector to the digital currency, we model the different responses of the affected institutional sectors. We find that the introduction of a digital currency generates significant adjustments in the balance sheets of all sectors, may trigger large moves in securities prices and induces changes in the network structure. The economic impacts vary depending on the design of the digital innovation, the size of the deposit shift, the channels through which the balance sheet adjustments take place and the timing of the initiative."

La Banca d'Italia published a survey-based paper that analyzed the relationship between digitalization, financial knowledge and financial decisions. It found that digital skills are a useful complement to financial skills in monitoring expenses and therefore to saving money. Moreover, such skills are also related to a more favorable attitude towards digital finance. With the same level of financial knowledge, digital skills do not however affect investment decisions. Finally, there is a significant gender gap, at the expenses of women, in terms of both digital skills and financial knowledge.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published a report summarising the progress made by the digital euro scheme's Rulebook Development Group (RDG). Since the last update in June 2023, the RDG has drafted the first chapters of the digital euro rulebook in line with the legislative proposal and the digital euro design decisions approved by the Governing Council of the ECB. This first draft of the rulebook is an intermediate version which covers: (i) the functional and operational models, including the end-to-end flows describing the functioning of all use cases and services relating to a digital euro; (ii) the technical scheme requirements depicting a high-level architecture and standards which should potentially be considered in a digital euro landscape; and (iii) the adherence model setting out the rights and obligations of scheme members in accordance with the draft legislation.

The Bank of England (BOE) and HM Treasury published a digital pound request for information on privacy, meaning the protection of users' personal and transaction data, and ensuring they have control and visibility over who can process their data and for what purposes. However, the digital pound would not be anonymous because the ability to identify and verify users is needed to prevent financial crime, but the BOE and government will not access users' personal data in a digital pound ecosystem. In that regard, the BOE is exploring technological solutions to prevent it from being able to access personal data via the core ledger. The deadline for responding is March 12, 2024. https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/the-digital-pound/digital-pound-working-groups

The World Bank will issue the first CHF digital bond by an international issuer to settle in Swiss Franc wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) provided by the Swiss National Bank (SNB). The coupon and redemption payments on the seven-year CHF 200 million bond will be made using tokenized CHF on the SIX Digital Exchange (SDX). The SDX connects to conventional settlement systems such as Euroclear and Clearstream, via SIX SIS, allowing investors to hold the digital bond through their traditional custodians.

European Digital Identity Framework implementing acts The European Commission (EC) published for consultation the European Digital Identity Framework implementing acts, published in August 2024, which have now been adopted by the EC. The Framework seeks to give citizens and businesses a trusted and secure means of digital identification that works across all Member States via the means of European Union (EU) Digital Identity Wallets. It entered into force in May 2024. Each Member State will offer at least one version of the EU Digital Identity Wallet, built to the same common specifications, by 2026.

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a paper that examines the relationship between digital payment innovation, economic growth and informal activities in 101 economies over 2014-19. It finds that a one-percentage point increase in digital payments use is associated with increases in the growth of GDP per capita of 0.10 percentage points and a decline in the share of informal sector employment of 0.06 percentage points, both over a two-year period. Digital payments do not appear to be significantly associated with rises in total factor productivity once controlling for general measures of digitalization and government effectiveness, but they are linked to greater financial inclusion and credit access. The results reinforce the case for government policies to encourage digital payments and, as complementary factors, access to the financial sector and information technology.

The National Bank of Kazakhstan (NBK) has entered a new phase of its digital tenge project by introducing the concept of programmable money for government spending. The central bank has been actively engaging with the Ministry of Finance, including the Treasury and Tax Authority, to integrate their systems with the digital tenge platform. This will enable pilots for transparent public procurement, social digital vouchers, and other innovative scenarios. The NBK is finding that the combination of electronic procurement, digital treasury, digital tax administration, and smart payment rails can significantly increase the efficiency and transparency of public finances.

Design options for interoperability and funds locking across digital pounds and central bank money (arXiv) arXiv published a paper by Barclays staff that analyzes the design options for supporting "functional consistency" across digital pounds and commercial bank money. It focuses on three key capabilities: communication between digital pound ecosystem participants, funds locking, and interoperability across digital pounds and commercial bank money. It explores them via three payments use cases: person-to-person push payment, merchant-initiated request to pay, and lock funds and pay on physical delivery. It then presents and evaluates the suitability of design options to provide the specific capabilities for each use case and draw initial insights. The paper concludes that a financial market infrastructure (FMI) providing specific capabilities could simplify the experience of ecosystem participants, simplify the operating platforms for both the Bank of England and digital pound payment interface providers (PIPs), and facilitate the creation of innovative services.

Digital fiat currency (DFC) is a tokenized, digital representation of a sovereign currency issued by an authorized public or private entity. When issued and distributed by a central bank or other monetary authority, it is a central bank digital currency (CBDC). If it is issued by a private entity, it may be e-money or another form of digital commercial bank money/private digital tokens/stablecoins, even if backed by central bank money.

Digital payments allow people to access goods and services while in quarantine or social distancing. SARS epidemic in 2003 expedited China's path in launching digital payments and e-commerce in the country. A robust identification system, widespread, consistent internet access and trustworthy ways to get money into digital formats could be important for digital payments to thrive.

The city of Chengdu launched China's largest digital currency trial to date, following those already completed in Beijing, Suzhou and Shenzhen. Prior to Chengdu, there had been six trials of the "Digital Currency, Electronic Payment" (DCEP) project in China, with a total distribution of 120 million digital yuan. Chengdu's trial, which will conclude March 19, is for an additional 40 million digital yuan.

As the law will determine what type of central bank digital currency (CBDC) can be issued in each jurisdiction, getting the legal model right is a crucial step in introducing one. The current statutory language seems to provide the ECB with enough room to offer a digital euro directly to the public through digital accounts if it so chooses. However, for example, the US and Brazilian central banks are authorised to establish relations only with a limited set of institutions, notably banks, not with people or corporations. Without a change to these rules, digital dollars and digital reais would have to be distributed to the public through intermediaries, just like cash is made available today through banks. For all central banks considering issuing a CBDC, the time to tackle the legal troubles and seek legislative reform is now, because reaching a political consensus on this model may take time, since CBDCs raise many contentious issues, from changing the business of banking to creating new privacy risks.

The Beijing Local Financial Supervision and Administration Bureau is going to give away 40 million yuan in China's latest central bank digital currency (CBDC) test. 200,000 red envelopes, containing 200 digital yuan each, will be given away to local residents via a lottery run through apps of the Bank of China and the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China. To date, China has conducted 10 digital yuan lottery campaigns across 5 cities, according to The Block's. Those campaigns started in October 2020, and a total of 230 million digital yuan has been given away. http://jrj.beijing.gov.cn/jrgzdt/202106/t20210601_2403630.html