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Boeck, W., Jaime Sabartes. Picasso. New York and Amsterdam: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1955. Print. The figures that Picasso depicted in Guernica are discussed. Picasso drew several forms of each character in the painting before he began work on the Guernica that is seen today. Each figure Picasso chose to present in his final work of Guernica has a meaning and was painted in the most meaningful position. There are very subtle details that give significant meaning to Guernica. In the picture there are three woman, a suffering soldier, a bull, a horse, a lamp and bird.

Chipp, H. Picasso's Guernica: History, Transformations, Meanings. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1988. Print. In the third chapter, the actual events that lead up to, during, and after the village of Guernica is described in detail. The village was relentlessly bombed on Monday, April 26, 1937 (Chipp 24). Hundreds of bombs were used on a defenseless town. The places that were supposed to be targeted were untouched at the end of the almost four hour bombing mission. In the twelfth chapter, Guernica's political means are discussed but since Picasso could never give a consistent answer the political meaning of Guernica is unknown. Also, the two main figures of the painting, the bull and horse, were described by a poet by the name of Juan Larrea (Chipp 196). According to Larrea, the bull was a heroic figure of "Spanish life" (Chipp 196) and the suffering horse represented the end to "Francoist regime" (Chipp 196).

Hip-hop style, a controversial dress form associated with rap music culture in the 1990s, is analyzed and interpreted based on premises associated with structural approaches to semiotics. The semiotic system is isolated in time, and three coding operations are considered in terms of the relationships they establish between elements of the system and potential meanings ascribed to these: paradigmatic alignment (bipolar opposition), denotation and connotation (literal and extended descriptions), and figurative devices (implied figures of speech). Results reveal the structure of the system in terms of a dialectic between signs in the hip-hop system and signs in the system of conventional dress. Components of the rule system of conventional dress are exposed, and figurative language supporting the hip-hop system is described. The hip-hop system is construed as an example of a larger category of appearance-related systems designated extraordinary dress, poised in opposition to ordinary appearance forms. Implications include potential contributions to theory development. (From the OhioLINK abstract.)

van Hensbergen, G. Guernica: The Biography of a Twentieth-Century Icon. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2004. Print. Guernica is still seen as a political work of art today. Guernica not only depicted the brutal bombings and aftermath of that April day but it is a depiction of what is yet to come. The horror of Guernica can still be seen in modern times; such as the attack on the Twin Towers in New York (van Hensbergen 1) and the war in Iraq (van Hensbergen 2). Many well known political figures refer to Guernica and it's political message in many speeches and addresses because its message is still relevant today.