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Hip-hop style, a controversial dress form associated with rap music culture in the 1990s, is analyzed and interpreted based on premises associated with structural approaches to semiotics. The semiotic system is isolated in time, and three coding operations are considered in terms of the relationships they establish between elements of the system and potential meanings ascribed to these: paradigmatic alignment (bipolar opposition), denotation and connotation (literal and extended descriptions), and figurative devices (implied figures of speech). Results reveal the structure of the system in terms of a dialectic between signs in the hip-hop system and signs in the system of conventional dress. Components of the rule system of conventional dress are exposed, and figurative language supporting the hip-hop system is described. The hip-hop system is construed as an example of a larger category of appearance-related systems designated extraordinary dress, poised in opposition to ordinary appearance forms. Implications include potential contributions to theory development. (From the OhioLINK abstract.)

Benton, Tim. "Dreams of Machines: Futurism and l'Esprit Nouveau." Journal of Design History 3.1 (1990):19-34. JSTOR. Web.17 Nov. 2010. This article contains the views of Reyner Banham on Futurism and its affect on the theory and design of machines. It analyses the thoughts of Filippo Marinetti, who wrote the Maniifesto. Specifically it engages in the development of the automobile. Futurism had a part in the development in many things especially in car advancement.

"The Origins of Hip-Hop." Skipping Stones 14.5 (2002): 26. Primary Search. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. Talks about how hip hop was born and how it got started. Also says how it progressed throughout time on how it is kept alive today. Talks about how it is also a dance type of music. It was created to put disco out and that no one liked disco. They thought it was for rich people that liked dancing.

"The Origins of Hip-Hop." Skipping Stones 14.5 (2002): 26. Primary Search. EBSCO. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. This article talks about the connections between Hip Hop and ancient cultural qualities of African peoples. It also talks about the rise of Hip Hop through the ranks of the musi world, starting out as a phase and growing into the juggernaut that it is today

WOLDU, GAIL HILSON. "The Kaleidoscope of Writing on Hip-Hop Culture." Notes 67.1 (2010): 9-38. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010. Hip hop was discovered in late 1970's and early 1980's. It was referred to as "party" music at the time. Had rhyming words and bass with a rhythm. Moved into the early 1990s with Tupac, Biggie Smalls, and Snoop Dogg.

WOLDU, GAIL HILSON. "THE KALEIDOSCOPE OF WRITING ON HIP-HOP CULTURE." Notes 67.1 (2010): 9-38. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 16 Nov. 2010.

Garrity, Brian, and Mariel Concepcion. "A Hip-Hop History Lesson." Billboard 119.18 (2007): 8. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 1 Nov. 2010.

Thompson, Krista. "The Sound of Light: Reflections on Art History in the Visual Culture of Hip-Hop." Art Bulletin 91.4 (2009): 481-505. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 15 Nov. 2010.\n\nThis article dives into the effect of hip hop and it culture. It shows the influence of hip hop on music videos, clothing, art, and everything else. It focuses the influence of hip hop on black youth.

Tuan, Yi-Fu. "Realism and Fantasy in Art, History, and Geography." Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 80.3 (1990): 435-446. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of American Geographer. Web. 8 Nov. 2010 This article focuses on the significance of fantasy and reality. It is important for everyone to have hopes and dreams in order to eliminate the feeling of being trapped and restricted your whole life. Art can incline the imagination in our crucial society. It expands our interpretations of life as we know it. History gives us facts as well as myths that shape the way we think and learn today. The past provides legends and myths along with cultural traditions. Geography provides us with a universal reality. Geography would be dull without imagination and fantasies. Geography is compared to art and history while focusing on a surreal reality.

Matula, Theodore. "Pow! to the People: The Make‐Up's Reorganization of Punk Rhetoric." Popular Music & Society 30.1 (2007): 19-38. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 12 Nov. 2010. This articles explains how punk music hit a halt in the 90's and did not live up to critics expectations, the music industry had taken punk and learned how to capitalize from it. Punk had moved out of the garage and into mainstream music. It also summarizes punk's response to popularization by following a D.C area band.