This article finds two emerging issues that must be addressed to optimize patient care: "the need for specialized health professionals, and the need for these professionals to collaborate." In nursing we talk a lot about "continuity of care" and that a seamless transition between PCPs, specialists, in-patient, and out-patient services is not only good-practice but vital for thorough health care delivery and improving long term outcomes.

Here's a JONA article discussing the CNO and Leadership's role in encouraging APRN Fellowships and new grad NP educational opportunities, along with the positive outcomes associated with employing these practices. J Nurs Adm. 2014 Dec;44(12):625-7. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000138.