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"Open with a question or two. Another favorite education writer of mine, the cognitive psychologist Daniel Willingham, argues that teachers should focus more on the use of questions. "The material I want students to learn," he writes in his book Why Don't Students Like School?, "is actually the answer to a question. On its own, the answer is almost never interesting. But if you know the question, the answer may be quite interesting." My colleague Greg Weiner, an associate professor of political science, puts those ideas into practice. At the beginning of class, he shows four or five questions on a slide for students to consider. Class then proceeds in the usual fashion. At the end, he returns to the questions so that students can both see some potential answers and understand that they have learned something that day. What did we learn last time? A favorite activity of many instructors is to spend a few minutes at the opening of class reviewing what happened in the previous session. That makes perfect sense, and is supported by the idea that we don't learn from single exposure to material - we need to return frequently to whatever we are attempting to master.But instead of offering a capsule review to students, why not ask them to offer one back to you?Reactivate what they learned in previous courses. Plenty of excellent evidence suggests that whatever knowledge students bring into a course has a major influence on what they take away from it. So a sure-fire technique to improve student learning is to begin class by revisiting, not just what they learned in the previous session, but what they already knew about the subject matter.Write it down. All three of the previous activities would benefit from having students spend a few minutes writing down their responses. That way, every student has the opportunity to answer the question, practice memory retrieval from the previous session, or surface their prior knowledge - and not just the students most likely to

"¿Qué es el pensamiento crítico? Todos sabemos que es el pensamiento, pero para que sea crítico necesita de unos elementos: Propósito o meta. ¿Qué quiero lograr? Solucionar una pregunta. ¿Qué formulo o respondo? Supuesto de resolución. ¿Qué estoy dando por sentado? Diversos puntos de vista. ¿Qué punto de vista elegí? ¿Hay otros? Información o recopilación de datos. ¿Qué información necesito? Expresión de conceptos. ¿Cuál es la idea llave? Interpretaciones para llegar a conclusiones. ¿Cómo he llegado aquí? ¿Otros caminos? Consecuencias. ¿Qué estoy proponiendo? Frente a las rutinas de pensamiento, encontramos las destrezas. Las destrezas son más elaboradas y necesitan apoyarse en organizadores gráficos para hacer visible el pensamiento. Necesitan hacer la tarea de forma gradual, siguiendo todos los pasos para hacer consciente al alumno/a de cómo funciona su pensamiento. Podemos distinguir cuatro destrezas de pensamiento: Pensamiento creativo (ideas) Análisis (clarificar) Pensamiento crítico (valorar) Tareas complejas de pensamiento"